Potato Zebra Chip Disease: A Phytopathological Tale

Crosslin, J. M.; Munyaneza, Joseph E.; Brown, Judith K.; Liefting, L. W.

doi:10.1094/php-2010-0317-01-rv

Cited by 55 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…A large number of tubers from stolbur-infected potato plants produced fried chips that were defective and unmarketable. However, these tubers did not exhibit characteristic symptoms of zebra chip disease, a newly emerging and destructive disease of potato in the Americas and New Zealand (Munyaneza et al 2007b;Munyaneza et al 2008a;Liefting et al 2008;Secor et al 2009;Crosslin et al 2010). Although above-ground plant symptoms of stolbur phytoplasma infection in potato resemble those caused by zebra chip, the tuber symptoms are different.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Survey and molecular detection of phytoplasmas associated with potato in Romania and southern Russia

Ember¹,

Ács²,

Munyaneza³

et al. 2011

Eur J Plant Pathol

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In recent years, emerging phytoplasma diseases of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) have increasingly become important in central and eastern Europe. Accurate identification of phytoplasmas and their insect vectors is essential to developing effective management strategies for diseases caused by these plant pathogens. Potato phytoplasma diseases in Europe were for a long time diagnosed only on the basis of visual symptoms. However, this approach is not very reliable and the use of modern molecular techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is required in order to accurately determine the etiology of these phytoplasma diseases. A survey and identification of phytoplasmas associated with potato crops in Romania and southern Russia were conducted based on modern molecular techniques. Symptomatic potato plants were collected from several fields and tested for phytoplasmas by PCR.Also, selected crops and weeds in the vicinity of these potato fields were sampled and tested for phytoplasmas. Stolbur ("Candidatus Phytoplasma solani"; 16SrXII-A) was the only phytoplasma detected in potato and adjacent crops, including tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), pepper (Capsicum annuum), eggplant (Solanum melongena), and beet (Beta vulgaris). This phytoplasma was also detected in weeds, particularly Convolvulus arvensis, Cuscuta sp., and Euphorbia falcata. Genotyping of obtained stolbur isolates on tuf genes revealed that they all had the same RFLP profile corresponding to the tuf-type 'b' (VK Type II). Stolbur-affected potato plants produced a large number of spongy tubers that resulted in commercially unacceptable potato chips upon processing.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Survey and molecular detection of phytoplasmas associated with potato in Romania and southern Russia

Ember¹,

Ács²,

Munyaneza³

et al. 2011

Eur J Plant Pathol

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“…Ca. Liberibacter psyllaurous) (Crosslin et al 2010), is transmitted from infected to healthy plants by the psyllid vector, Bactericera cockerelli (Munyaneza et al 2007a, b). Tubers from infected plants exhibit characteristic brown discoloration of vascular tissue and contain high levels of glucose, fructose (reducing sugars) and free amino acids (Wallis et al 2012;Rashed et al 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zebra chip disease decreases tuber (Solanum tuberosum L.) protein content by attenuating protease inhibitor levels and increasing protease activities

Kumar

Knowles

2015

Planta

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Zebra chip disease of potato decreases protease inhibitor levels resulting in enhanced serine-type protease activity, decreased protein content and altered protein profiles of fully mature tubers. Zebra-chip (ZC), caused by Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum (CLso), is a relatively new disease of potato that negatively affects growth, yield, propagation potential, and fresh and process qualities of tubers. Diseased plants produce tubers with characteristic brown discoloration of vascular tissue accompanied by elevated levels of free amino acids and reducing sugars. Here we demonstrate that ZC disease induces selective protein catabolism in tubers through modulating protease inhibitor levels. Soluble protein content of tubers from CLso-infected plants was 33% lower than from non-infected plants and electrophoretic analyses revealed substantial reductions in major tuber proteins. Patatin (~40 kDa) and ser-, asp- (22 kDa) and cys-type (85 kDa) protease inhibitors were either absent or greatly reduced in ZC-afflicted tubers. In contrast to healthy (non-infected) tubers, the proteolytic activity in CLso infected tubers was high and the ability of extracts from infected tubers to inhibit trypsin (ser-type) and papain (cys-type) proteases greatly attenuated. Moreover, extracts from CLso-infected tubers rapidly catabolized proteins purified from healthy tubers (40 kDa patatin, 22 kDa protease inhibitors, 85 kDa potato multicystatin) when subjected to proteolysis individually. In contrast, crude extracts from non-infected tubers effectively inhibited the proteolytic activity from ZC-afflicted tubers. These results suggest that the altered protein profile of ZC afflicted tubers is largely due to loss of ser- and cys-type protease inhibitors. Further analysis revealed a novel PMSF-sensitive (ser) protease (ca. 80-120 kDa) in CLso infected tubers. PMSF abolished the proteolytic activities responsible for degrading patatin, the 22 kDa protease inhibitor(s) and potato multicystatin by CLso infected tubers. The disease-induced loss of patatin and protease inhibitors therefore appears to be modulated by ser-type protease(s). The selective catabolism of proteins in ZC-afflicted tubers undoubtedly affects downstream aspects of carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism, which is ultimately reflected by the accumulation of reducing sugars, free amino acids and reduced sprouting capacity.

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“…B. cockerelli has an extensive range of acceptable hosts, including species in 20 plant families, but solanaceous species (tomatoes, potatoes, nightshade) are preferred (Wallis 1955). Crosslin et al (2010) reported a spread of ZC across geographic regions by dispersing B. cockerelli which helped maintain the bacterium in these regions during the insect's overwintering period. Munyaneza et al (2011) reported yield losses due to B. cockerelli and ZC damage ranging from 43% to 93% in several commercial potato varieties under controlled field cage conditions in Texas and Washington State.…”

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confidence: 99%

Impact of potato psyllid density and timing of infestation on Zebra chip disease expression in potato plants

Gao¹,

Zi-Hua²,

Jifon³

et al. 2016

Plant Prot. Sci.

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Gao F., Zhao Z.H., Jifon J., Liu T.-X. (2016): Impact of potato psyllid density and timing of infestation on Zebra chip disease expression in potato plants. Plant Protect. Sci., 52: 262-269.The impact of vector density and timing of infestation on potato were investigated. Healthy potato plants at different growth stages (4, 5, and 7 weeks after germination) were exposed separately to four different B. cockerelli densities (0, 5, 20, and 40 psyllids per cage) in field cages and Zebra chip (ZC) symptoms, leaf photosynthetic rates, tuber yield, and total nonstructural carbohydrate accumulation in leaves and tubers of healthy and B. cockerelli-infested plants were monitored. Potato psyllid nymph and egg populations reached a seasonal peak at 6 weeks after the exposure to insect. Younger plants at 4-week growth stage after germination were more susceptible to B. cockerelli infestation and ZC expression than older plants. As few as five B. cockerelli adults were enough to transmit the ZC pathogen and cause ZC expression both in foliage and tuber. At the density of 20 psyllids per cage, more than 50% of plants showed ZC symptoms in tubers. Furthermore, B. cockerelli infestation reduced leaf photosynthesis rates (P n ), resulting in less starch and more reducing sugars in tubers, and hence reduced tuber weight and yield, especially when psyllid infestation occurred at the early growth stages. The results indicate that early B. cockerelli infestation of younger plants was associated with more severe ZC expression in both foliage and tubers, leading to earlier dead plants. The data suggest that strategies for controlling B. cockerelli during early potato crop development could thus lessen the severity of ZC development.

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Potato Zebra Chip Disease: A Phytopathological Tale

Cited by 55 publications

References 23 publications

Survey and molecular detection of phytoplasmas associated with potato in Romania and southern Russia

Survey and molecular detection of phytoplasmas associated with potato in Romania and southern Russia

Zebra chip disease decreases tuber (Solanum tuberosum L.) protein content by attenuating protease inhibitor levels and increasing protease activities

Impact of potato psyllid density and timing of infestation on Zebra chip disease expression in potato plants

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