Potato cyst nematodes Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida

Abstract

Taxonomy Phylum Nematoda; class Chromadorea; order Rhabditida; suborder Tylenchina; infraorder Tylenchomorpha; superfamily Tylenchoidea; family Heteroderidae; subfamily Heteroderinae; Genus Globodera. Biology Potato cyst nematodes (PCN) are biotrophic, sedentary endoparasitic nematodes. Invasive (second) stage juveniles (J2) hatch from eggs in response to the presence of host root exudates and subsequently locate and invade the host. The nematodes induce the formation of a large, multinucleate syncytium in host roots, formed by fusion of up to 300 root cell protoplasts. The nematodes rely on this single syncytium for the nutrients required to develop through a further three moults to the adult male or female stage. This extended period of biotrophy—between 4 and 6 weeks in total—is almost unparalleled in plant–pathogen interactions. Females remain at the root while adult males revert to the vermiform body plan of the J2 and leave the root to locate and fertilize the female nematodes. The female body forms a cyst that contains the next generation of eggs. Host range The host range of PCN is limited to plants of the Solanaceae family. While the most economically important hosts are potato (Solanum tuberosum), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), and aubergine (Solanum melongena), over 170 species of Solanaceae are thought to be potential hosts for PCN (Sullivan et al., 2007). Disease symptoms Symptoms are similar to those associated with nutrient deficiency, such as stunted growth, yellowing of leaves and reduced yields. This absence of specific symptoms reduces awareness of the disease among growers. Disease control Resistance genes (where available in suitable cultivars), application of nematicides, crop rotation. Great effort is put into reducing the spread of PCN through quarantine measures and use of certified seed stocks. Useful websites Genomic information for PCN is accessible through WormBase ParaSite.

Potato Cyst Nematode Management Strategies: Current Situation and Promising Approaches

“…In the case of finding traces of PCNs, conventional control strategies are put in place to clean up that land . Cultural strategies include extended rotations between potato crops to exploit the natural decline in PCN populations in the absence of a host, as well as the use of trap crops, biofumigation techniques, or the early destruction of susceptible potato crops before the PCN life cycle has completed . Growing resistant potato varieties appears to be a promising and yet quite complicated method for PCN management.…”

“…26 Cultural strategies include extended rotations between potato crops to exploit the natural decline in PCN populations in the absence of a host, as well as the use of trap crops, biofumigation techniques, or the early destruction of susceptible potato crops before the PCN life cycle has completed. 27 Growing resistant potato varieties appears to be a promising and yet quite complicated method for PCN management. Recent advances in potato genomics have provided tools to rapidly map resistance genes in wild and landrace relatives of cultivated potato and to develop molecular markers to aid selection during breeding.…”

Sustainable management of the potato cyst nematode, Globodera rostochiensis, with two microbial fermentation products

“…China is the top potato producer in the world with 90,321,442 tonnes produced per year, followed by India (48,529,000 tonnes yearly), Ukraine, Russian Federation, United States, Bangladesh, Germany and France. 1 With an increasing world population and urbanization, there is a global increase in potato consumption and therefore there is a high demand for its production ( Price et al, 2021 ). Furthermore, there is a huge demand from the fast-food industry for processed potatoes (e.g., crisps, starch, and chips) due to huge economic returns ( Abong and Kabira, 2013 ).…”

“…Furthermore, there is a huge demand from the fast-food industry for processed potatoes (e.g., crisps, starch, and chips) due to huge economic returns ( Abong and Kabira, 2013 ). Various recent reports highlight the importance of global potato production and limitations faced by growers due to increasing demands ( Mburu et al, 2020 ; Gartner et al, 2021 ; Price et al, 2021 ; Pulavarty et al, 2021b ).…”

Phenotypic and DNA Marker-Assisted Characterization of Russian Potato Cultivars for Resistance to Potato Cyst Nematodes

“…& Bukasov, S. spegazzini Bitter, S. multidissectum Hawkes, others). More than 20 genes and QTLs involved in control of resistance to different PCN pathotypes and species have been identified and mapped; many of them are clustered in the potato genome, especially on the chromosome V (see the latest review of [15,31]). R-genes and QTLs conferring multiple resistance to different PCN species and PCN pathotypes are particularly valuable for breeding, for example Grp1_QTL conferring resistance to G. pallida Pa2 and Pa3, and also to G. rostochiensis pathotype Ro5 [32,33].…”