Potassium-argon dating of volcanic rocks

Kulp, J. Laurence

doi:10.1007/bf02597290

Cited by 33 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…For example, basalt dated to 56.4 ± 5 Ma (Kulp, 1963;Lincoln and Schlanger, 1991) recovered from 1267 m below Enewetak's rim (Ladd and Schlanger, 1960) suggests a long-term mean subsidence rate between~20.6 and 24.6 m/Myr. Plate cooling models (Stein and Stein, 1992) predict a subsidence rate of 14-18 m/Myr over the past 8.5 Ma for Enewetak, assuming thermal reset of the crust during island formation (Detrick and Crough, 1978;Li et al, 2004).…”

Section: Subsidence and Rim Dissolution Ratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Late Cenozoic sea level and the rise of modern rimmed atolls

Toomey

Ashton

Raymo

et al. 2016

Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology

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Sea-level records from atolls, potentially spanning the Cenozoic, have been largely overlooked, in part because the processes that control atoll form (reef accretion, carbonate dissolution, sediment transport, vertical motion) are complex and, for many islands, unconstrained on million-year timescales. Here we combine existing observations of atoll morphology and corelog stratigraphy from Enewetak Atoll with a numerical model to (1) constrain the relative rates of subsidence, dissolution and sedimentation that have shaped modern Pacific atolls and (2) construct a record of sea level over the past 8.5 million years. Both the stratigraphy from Enewetak Atoll (constrained by a subsidence rate of~20 m/Myr) and our numerical modeling results suggest that low sea levels (50-125 m below present), and presumably bi-polar glaciations, occurred throughout much of the late Miocene, preceding the warmer climate of the Pliocene, when sea level was higher than present. Carbonate dissolution through the subsequent sea-level fall that accompanied the onset of large glacial cycles in the late Pliocene, along with rapid highstand constructional reef growth, likely drove development of the rimmed atoll morphology we see today.Published by Elsevier B.V.

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Section: Subsidence and Rim Dissolution Ratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Late Cenozoic sea level and the rise of modern rimmed atolls

Toomey

Ashton

Raymo

et al. 2016

Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology

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“…Drilling at Anewetak and Pikinni atolls in the 1940s and 1950s recovered shallow water limestones as old as early Miocene to possibly Oligocene at Pikinni and as old as Eocene at Anewetak (Emery et al, 1954;Cole, 1954;Schlanger, 1963). Volcanic basement was reached only at Anewetak, at depths of 1271 to 1388 m, and was dated at 51.4 to 61.4 Ma using conventional K-Ar radiometric techniques (Kulp, 1963). Recent work in the Marshall Islands, prior to drilling Legs 143 and 144, suggests that these results were misleading and that the volcanic pedestals of the Marshall Islands are much older and include two stages of volcanism and carbonate-platform growth (Lincoln et al, in press).…”

Section: °00'e 164°30'mentioning

confidence: 99%

Site 869

1993

Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program

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, et al., 1993. Proc. ODP, Init. Repts., 143: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program)." Shipboard Scientific Party is as given in list of participants preceding the contents.Principal results: Site 869 (proposed Site Syl-3) is situated 45 nmi (83 km) southwest of the atoll-guyot pair, Pikinni Atoll (formerly Bikini) and Wodejebato Guyot (formerly Sylvania). Drilling at this location was planned to provide a basinal reference section for comparison to Leg 144 drill holes on the summit of Wodejebato and prior drilling on Pikinni. Site-survey data suggested that a thick, layered succession of sediments exists at the site that consists mainly of turbidites. Volcanic basement is not obvious in the site-survey seismic lines, so drilling was not expected to encounter basement basalt. Approximately 850 m of penetration was planned, and the expectation was to bottom in Cretaceous volcaniclastics produced by constructional volcanism on either or both Wodejebato and Pikinni. The location of Site 869, at 1 l°00.09'N, 164°45.02'E, was chosen on the seafloor adjacent to both Pikinni and Wodejebato, close enough to receive sediments shed mainly by these edifices, but far enough away so that both would contribute. It was assumed that sedimentation at an adjacent basinal hole would parallel and complement that on the atollguyot pair. For example, erosional hiatuses on the summit might be expected to produce sediments on the archipelagic apron, thus filling "missing chapters" in the geologic history provided by summit holes. Drilling at Site 869 was undertaken to address the following primary goals:1. Determining the history of volcanism on Pikinni/Wodejebato; 2. Developing a model of Cretaceous, mid-ocean guyot/atoll carbonate platform formation and evolution for the Marshall Islands; 3. Comparison of the timing and effects of fluctuations in relative sea level among Pacific guyots and relation to worldwide sea-level curves; and 4. Deciphering the cause(s) for the drowning(s) of some Marshall Islands guyots (such as Wodejebato) vs. the existence of Cenozoic reefs on nearby atolls (such as Pikinni).Two holes were drilled at Site 869, an APC/XCB hole (Hole 869A), and an RCB hole (Hole 869B), the latter located about 93 m north of the former. The operational plan was to use the APC/XCB combination to obtain relatively undisturbed cores from the upper 300 to 400 m of the sedimentary column. In analogy to Site 462, hard chert layers were expected to frustrate drilling at about 300 to 400 mbsf, and a round-trip was planned to change to an RCB bit and begin a second hole. Chert and porcellanite were encountered at much shallower depths than expected, and Hole 869A was terminated at a depth of only 166.5 mbsf. Hole 869B was washed to 140.0 mbsf and cored continuously to a total depth of 796.2 mbsf.Core recovery in Hole 869A, drilled with the APC/XCB combination, was mostly excellent, with the average being over 100% for the APC cores and 77.6% overall. In Hole 869B, recovery was variable (see "Operations" section, this chapter). ...

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“…Dating of these atoll limestones is determined by large benthic foraminiferal assemblages using the Far East Letter Code and correlated with planktonic foraminiferal zones (Cole, 1957;Haak and Postuma, 1975). The basalt edifice below the present atoll formed in Paleocene-early Eocene time (Kulp, 1963). Subsidence took place throughout Eocene time with the deposition of at least 420 m of reef and shallow-bank limestone atop the volcanic edifice; the limestones directly below the solution unconformity, now 850 m below sea level, contain late Eocene (Tb zone) large benthic foraminifers (Cole, 1957).…”

Section: Oligocene Sea Level Falls Recorded By Turbidite Eventsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The magnitude of the Oligocene sea level fall relative to present sea level in P21 Zone time can be determined by combining data on the subsidence path of Enewetak Atoll (Cole, 1957;Kulp, 1963;Crough, 1978) and the present depth to the solution unconformity at 850 m below sea level in light of late Paleocene and early Eocene sea level estimates (Vail and Hardenbohl, 1979). At the time of the formation of the volcanic edifice, sea level was, using Vail and Hardenbohl's (1979) estimate, ~ 150 to 200 m above present sea level.…”

Section: Oligocene Sea Level Falls Recorded By Turbidite Eventsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sedimentary and Volcanic History: East Mariana Basin and Nauru Basin

Schlanger¹,

Moberly²

1986

Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project

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The sedimentary section recovered during Leg 89 at Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 525 provided a record of volcanism, plate motion, and other events of the Cretaceous and Cenozoic history of the East Mariana Basin. This part of the Pacific lithosphere had formed in the Jurassic; by late Aptian time it was at about 22°S and had subsided to a depth of about 5000 m. In the Aptian and Albian, eruptions built major volcanic edifices nearby that were the sources of massive volcaniclastic debris flows and turbidites found at Site 525. The now deeply altered sediment originally was of quartz-normative tholeiitic basalt composition, with some later alkalic basalt contributions. Reefal debris, ooids, and displaced benthic foraminifers within the hyaloclastic and other volcanogenic components show that some of the volcanoes reached shallow water. They are now the seamounts and guyots north and south of the eastern end of the East Mariana Basin. Recovered cores show evidence of the Cenomanian-Turonian oceanic anoxic event in debris rich in organic carbon redeposited in turbidites, of passage under the equator in Campanian-Maestrichtian time from core Paleomagnetism, and of the Oligocene (P21-P22) fall of sea level that exposed seamounts and thereby caused renewed turbidite activity.The Nauru Basin igneous complex discovered during Leg 61 yielded cores of 12 additional volcanic units as a result of the deepening of Hole 462A during Leg 89. The mineralogical and geochemical homogeneity within these (and overlying) sheet flows, as well as their little-altered nature and small amount of interlayered sediment, indicate that the great volume of midplate magma was generated and erupted rapidly. The lowest flows drilled during Leg 89 probably are 130 Ma (Valanginian). They lie on M26-aged ridge-crest crust (about 145 Ma, Oxfordian), and underlie volcanogenic sediment and sills representing at least two other episodes of midplate igneous activity, namely in the Aptian and Albian (about 100 Ma) and in the Campanian (about 75 Ma).

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Potassium-argon dating of volcanic rocks

Cited by 33 publications

References 10 publications

Late Cenozoic sea level and the rise of modern rimmed atolls

Late Cenozoic sea level and the rise of modern rimmed atolls

Site 869

Sedimentary and Volcanic History: East Mariana Basin and Nauru Basin

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