Potassium and sodium content in organs and tissues of rats during and after hypokinesia

Fluid and electrolyte alterations during prolonged hypokinesia

“…It was shown that electrolyte supplementation not only did not normalize tissue electrolyte deficiency but on the contrary exacerbated the electrolyte losses with tissue electrolyte deficiency and electrolyte deficiency increased more with than without electrolyte supplementation. Moreover, it had been shown that tissue electrolyte deficiency increases more with than without Table 1 Conditions which can cause cell injury and fluid and electrolyte loss during hypokinesia Decreased energy production Decreased glycogen synthesis Inadequate blood perfusion Hypokinetic hypovolemia Decreased synthesis of enzymes Hypokinetic induced muscle cell injury Decreased bone and muscle cell mass Decreased skeletal muscle cell function Changes in Na + , K + -ATPase activity Changes in Ca ++ , Mg ++ -ATPase activity Decreased synthesis and production of ADP and ATP Decreased total amino acid content Redistribution of fluid and electrolyte stores in the body Excessive fluid retention in the lower part of the body Increased absorption and filtering of fluid and electrolytes at the kidney Catabolism of tissue where most fluid and electrolytes are deposited Diminished tissue holding capacity for fluid and electrolytes Cell membrane changes electrolyte supplementation, and that plasma electrolyte level and electrolyte loss increases more with higher than lower tissue electrolyte deficiency demonstrating that the electrolyte deposition decrease more with higher than lower tissue electrolyte depletion and that the electrolyte deficiency is not a matter of electrolyte shortage in the diet but inability of the body to use electrolytes during prolonged HK [31][32][33][34][35].…”

“…This makes it impossible for the body to use electrolytes with tissue electrolyte deficiency. This hypothesis appears to be valid because the daily electrolyte supplementation failed to normalize tissue electrolyte deficiency [31][32][33][34][35]. For this the main line of defense against electrolyte loss with muscle electrolyte deficiency, should take into account the inability of the body to deposit electrolytes with muscle electrolyte deficiency because of many factors and primarily of changes in cell structure [21,22].…”

“…Administration of potassium, magnesium, calcium, and phosphate supplementation for normalizing tissue electrolyte deficiency yielded alarming results [31][32][33][34][35]. It was shown that electrolyte supplementation not only did not normalize tissue electrolyte deficiency but on the contrary exacerbated the electrolyte losses with tissue electrolyte deficiency and electrolyte deficiency increased more with than without electrolyte supplementation.…”