Potash – a key raw material of glass batch for Bohemian glasses from 14th–17th centuries?

Cílová, Zuzana Zlámalová; Woitsch, Jiří

doi:10.1016/j.jas.2011.09.023

Cited by 42 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The Venetian soda glass was widely used from the 15 th to the 17 th centuries (Verità ; Verità ), but after that period, it was progressively replaced by K‐rich Bohemian glass, Façon de Venise glass, and Pb‐rich English glass (Smit et al . , Cílová and Woitsch , Verità , Verità ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The only exception was glass beads from Venice, where the flux was Na-rich coastal plant ashes originating from Syria, Egypt or Spain (Cannella 2006, Velde 2013, Moretti and Hreglich 2013, Verità 2013. The Venetian soda glass was widely used from the 15 th to the 17 th centuries (Verità 2013;Verità 2014), but after that period, it was progressively replaced by K-rich Bohemian glass, Façon de Venise glass, and Pb-rich English glass (Smit et al 2004, Cílová and Woitsch 2012, Verità 2013, Verità 2014.…”

Section: Origin and Dating Of Glass Beadsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Reliquary Bust of Saint Lambert from the Liège Cathedral, Belgium: Gemstones and Glass Beads Analysis by pXRF and Raman Spectroscopy

Bruni

Hatert

George³

et al. 2019

Archaeometry

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The reliquary bust of Saint Lambert, hosted in the Treasure of the Liège Cathedral, was produced in the early 15th century. This exceptional goldsmithery piece is covered with gold‐coated silver, and decorated by approximately 400 stones, analysed by Raman and pXRF techniques to determine their mineralogical and chemical composition. The results confirm the identification of one hundred pearls, twenty‐six rock crystals, ten amethysts, two diamonds, and numerous glass beads with a green, blue, colourless, turquoise, orange or red colour. The glass beads show a soda‐lime composition, confirming that they are contemporary of the bust and imported from Venice, as reported by historical sources. Orange beads show a lead composition and the red stone a triplet with quartz, indicating that they were added to the bust later. The cutting of gems and beads shows also a significant evolution. The metal contains approximately 60% of Au and 40% of Ag. The origin of gemstones was difficult to establish, due to the absence of characteristic trace elements, but the chemical elements used for the manufacture and colouring of the beads were determined. This study confirms the trade of stones between Liège and Venice during medieval times.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Origin and Dating Of Glass Beadsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Reliquary Bust of Saint Lambert from the Liège Cathedral, Belgium: Gemstones and Glass Beads Analysis by pXRF and Raman Spectroscopy

Bruni

Hatert

George³

et al. 2019

Archaeometry

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“…The production of a potassium‐rich formulation continued throughout the centuries, and by the end of the 16thcentury, Central European glassmakers were employing new raw material purification methods, particularly in what concerns the purification of ashes; the result of the extracted/leached ashes known as potash could be used as a third component to the batch resulting on a glass rich in potassium . Lime could also be used in order to decrease the amount of wood ash and to improve glass properties by adding a higher amount of stabilising agents .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lime could also be used in order to decrease the amount of wood ash and to improve glass properties by adding a higher amount of stabilising agents . Elements such as calcium, potassium and minor elements such as phosphorous, magnesium and alumina can help to determine the type of ash employed, the treatment given to the ashes or even the number of components that can be added to the glass batch .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fensterbierscheiben in the Pena National Palace collection – chemical and iconographic relations

et al. 2016

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The stained-glass collection from the Pena National Palace (Sintra, Portugal) includes around 130 'rural panels', also known as Fensterbierscheiben, that were produced between the 16th and 19th centuries. The aim of this investigation is to characterise the glass composition of this collection of Fensterbierscheiben and relate it with the iconographic research made on these panels, in order to establish possible provenance of production. This is the first study on Fensterbierscheiben, where the chemical information of the glass is considered and related with historical information.The micro-energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence allowed performing non-invasive analysis, mostly performed in situ. Microparticle-induced X-ray emission analysis was performed on the cross section of a small group of fragmented panels for obtaining quantitative chemical composition of the glass. Through the analysis of the colourless glass, and the comparison of micro-energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence and micro-particle-induced X-ray emission data, it was concluded that the majority of the panes have a high lime low alkali glass composition. Furthermore, the Fensterbierscheiben panes form a cohesive group in terms of composition, suggesting that they were all manufactured with raw materials from the same region. This study also allowed one to observe the chronological evolution in terms of treatments applied to the used raw materials.

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“…There are recently published works that tackle transformations of forest cover (Brůna & Křováková, 2006;Mathys et al, 2006;Kozak et al, 2008;Brandt et al, 2012;Plieninger et al, 2012a, b;Skaloš et al, 2012;Peterken, 1976;Ohlson & Tryterud, 1999;Berg et al, 2008;Hultberg, 2008;Bollschweiler et al, 2008;Oosterbaan & Pels, 2007). Research studies performed by environmental archaeologists or historians help to integrate con-siderations on the natural forest dynamics and cultural history of a country (Beneš et al, 2002;Cílová & Woitsch, 2012). The identification and protection of natural or remnant patches of woody vegetation is an essential component of biodiversity conservation within these heavily transformed and managed agricultural landscapes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Classification System for Monitoring Historic Changes in Forest and Non-Forest Woody Vegetation—A Basis for Management

Skaloš

Keken

Justová

et al. 2014

OJF

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Forest and non-forest vegetation fulfils many non-productive and productive functions. A good understanding of the trajectories and drivers of the woody vegetation change is necessary for the relevant management. Recently, the number of studies devoted to monitoring forest cover changes has increased. However, these works do not fully distinguish between different categories of forest and non-forest woody vegetation. The main aim of the study was to propose a classification system for monitoring historic changes of woody vegetation in the landscape. The period of the last 150 years was mapped through three time-lines (1842, 1953 and 2011). Data were obtained by interpreting historic maps (Stable Cadastral map of 1842) and historical (1953) and current orthophoto (2011) using ArcGIS tools. The classification was applied on the example of Sokolov region (57 km 2) located in western Bohemia. The result of the research is a proposal for classifying woody vegetation stands into four categories based on the structural and localisation criteria: (1) Line adjacent woodlands, (2) Landscape woodlands, (3) Settlement woodlands, and (4) Compact woodlands. Information on the woody vegetation development using the proposed classification system is important for understanding the patterns, pressures, and driving forces that led to the formation of the present-day forest and non-forest woody vegetation in the landscape. The results can also be applied as a basis for future forest management practice as they can be used in other different fields, e.g. history, archaeology etc.

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Potash – a key raw material of glass batch for Bohemian glasses from 14th–17th centuries?

Cited by 42 publications

References 15 publications

The Reliquary Bust of Saint Lambert from the Liège Cathedral, Belgium: Gemstones and Glass Beads Analysis by pXRF and Raman Spectroscopy

The Reliquary Bust of Saint Lambert from the Liège Cathedral, Belgium: Gemstones and Glass Beads Analysis by pXRF and Raman Spectroscopy

Fensterbierscheiben in the Pena National Palace collection – chemical and iconographic relations

Classification System for Monitoring Historic Changes in Forest and Non-Forest Woody Vegetation—A Basis for Management

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