Potability of sea water with special reference to the cat

Wolf, A. V.; Prentiss, Phoebe G.; Douglas, Lillian G.; Swett, Russell J.

doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1959.196.3.633

Cited by 21 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…This voluntary seawater drinking may thus aid in eliminating the excess of urea produced in early stages of fasting due to protein catabolism. Therefore, this study supports the theory of "urea osmotic space" proposed by Wolf et al (1959) and further elucidated by Costa (1982) studying sea otters (Enhydra lutris).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…Despite of being the major contributor of free water during fasting, this amount of mariposia compares very well with that shown in actively feeding hooded seals (9 ml • dayˉ¹ • kgˉ¹) (Skalstad and Nordøy 2000). Although mariposia has been shown to restore water balance in dehydrated harp seals (How and Nordøy 2007) and potentially give a net gain of water (Storeheier and Nordøy 2001), ingested seawater shown in the present study was most probably used to create urinary osmotic space for urea, as described by Wolf et al (1959), rather than to provide a net gain of water. Storeheier and Nordøy (2001) showed that adult harp seals fasting for 2 days produced excess amount of urea during early phase I of fasting, which was more efficiently excreted when seawater was given as bolus administration.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

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Evidence of seawater drinking in fasting subadult hooded seals (Cystophora cristata)

Alvira-Iraizoz

Nordøy

2019

JABB

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the total water turnover rate of fasting subadult hooded seals in order to elucidate to what extent these animals rely in seawater drinking/mariposia at this life stage. Considering mariposia is important for later accurate estimations of food consumption using water turnover rate as a proxy. Five subadult hooded seals were kept fasting for 4 days in a seawater pool. Total body water (39.6 ± 2.5 % of total body mass) decreased by 3.1 ± 0.4 % of initial body water over the experimental period. Turnover rates were 16.7 ± 3.9 (influx) and 24.6 ± 4.6 (efflux) ml • dayˉ¹ • kgˉ¹ with a net water loss of 710 ± 51 ml • day-1. It was estimated that the seals drank approximately 947 ml of seawater per day, which corresponds to 61 % of total daily water influx. Initial body water was relatively low as a result of the high body fat (46.9 ± 3.2 % of initial body mass) shown in the animals. It is concluded that subadult fasting hooded seals drink significant amounts of seawater during fasting. Although mariposia stands out as the major source of free water in fasting hooded seals, the amount of seawater ingested is unlikely to provide a net gain of free water as it is provided by metabolic water. However, it may contribute to excrete the excess of urea produced during early phase I of fasting.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Evidence of seawater drinking in fasting subadult hooded seals (Cystophora cristata)

Alvira-Iraizoz

Nordøy

2019

JABB

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“…It might also be supposed that the surgical procedures and anaesthetics used on the cats might have had some adverse effect on renalblood flow, thus preventing adequate urine formation and excretion of metabolites. But a good degree of renal function seems to have been maintained in the cats (Table 2), since urine volumes and total urinary solids compare favourably with those reported for normal, non-anaesthetized cats (Prentiss, Wolf & Eddy, 1959;Wolf, Prentiss, Douglas & Swett, 1959).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 63%

The metabolism of [4-14C]progesterone in the cat: biliary and urinary excretion of conjugated metabolites

Taylor

Scratcherd

1961

Biochemical Journal

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and mercuric chloride (0 1 mM) but not by sulphydryl reactants. 3. The reaction is characterized by a marked increase in iodine-staining power and P-amylolysis limit but oc-(I-÷ 4)-glucosidic linkages in glycogen are not attacked. Enzyme action is incomplete, only the outer oc-(1-> 6)-glucosidic linkages being hydrolysed. 4. Isoamylase differs from the plant and animal debranching enzymes [R-enzyme and amylo-(1-+ 6)-glucosidase] since both amylopectin and glycogen are substrates. 5. Purified isoamylase has no action on maltose, isomaltose or maltotriose. 6. Isoamylase is also present in baker's yeast.

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“…Storeheier and Nordøy (2001) showed that fasting adult harp seals have an increased urea excretion after the ingestion of seawater compared to controls. They suggested that seawater might be an exogenous water source to increase the urinary osmotic space, a theory originally proposed by Wolf et al (1959). The ingestion of seawater, as well as snow and ice, has also been reported in captive adult harp seals (Gales and Renouf 1993; Renouf et al 1990).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, harp seals were able to restore water balance through mariposia. Other suggested reasons for mariposia are facilitating thermal regulation in fasting animals that inhabit warm environments (Gentry 1981), increasing the urinary osmotic space to excrete urea (Costa 1982; Wolf et al 1959) and maintaining mineral balance (Ridgway 1972; Ridgway and Venn-Watson 2010). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hooded seal (Cystophora cristata) pups ingest snow and seawater during their post-weaning fast

2016

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the importance of exogenous water intake (snow/seawater) in hooded seal (Cystophora cristata) pups during their post-weaning fast. In this study, five hooded seal pups had ad lib access to snow and seawater for the first 12 and last 21 days of their post-weaning fast, respectively. Total body water and water flux were determined during both exposure periods by use of the tritiated water method. Blood samples were collected to monitor changes in hematocrit, plasma urea and plasma osmolality. Body mass loss was on average 0.36 kg day−1. Average total body water changed from 15.7 to 11.4 L, while total water influx changed from 15 to 18 mL day−1 kg−1 during snow and seawater exposure, respectively. Of this influx an average of 35% can be attributed to metabolic water, while approximately 8% was due to respiratory water influx. Interestingly, 56 and 58% of the total water influx was due to snow and seawater ingestion, respectively, amounting to 8 mL day−1 kg−1 snow (counted as liquid water) and 10 mL day−1 kg−1 seawater. Based on the results of the plasma parameters it is concluded that fasting hooded seal pups maintain water balance and homeostasis when access to snow or seawater is permitted. It is further concluded that snow and seawater intake, in addition to metabolic and respiratory water, is important for maintenance of water balance and excretion of urea during the post-weaning fast of hooded seal pups.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00360-016-1048-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Potability of sea water with special reference to the cat

Cited by 21 publications

References 0 publications

Evidence of seawater drinking in fasting subadult hooded seals (Cystophora cristata)

Evidence of seawater drinking in fasting subadult hooded seals (Cystophora cristata)

The metabolism of [4-14C]progesterone in the cat: biliary and urinary excretion of conjugated metabolites

Hooded seal (Cystophora cristata) pups ingest snow and seawater during their post-weaning fast

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