Postural orientation modifications in autism in response to ambient lenses

Kaplan, Melvin; Carmody, Dennis P.; Gaydos, Alexa

doi:10.1007/bf02353802

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…John's balance and coordination was assessed with a ball catching task and a beam walking exercise. These tasks were designed to be similar to those previously employed by other researchers examining the effects of ambient lenses (Carmody et al, 2001;Kaplan et al, 1996;Kaplan et al, 1998). One of the three experimental conditions-control (no lenses), ambient lenses, placebo lenses-was conducted each school day, and each session consisted of 10 trials of each task.…”

Section: Measurement Design and Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Kay and Vyse study was reported in a book chapter rather than a peer-reviewed publication, however. Two other studies published in the same peer-reviewed journal (Carmody et al, 2001;Kaplan, Carmody, & Gaydos, 1996), reported immediate improvements in performance on visual-motor tasks while participants wore the lenses. An additional study published in the same journal (Kaplan et al, 1998), reported no improvements on these tasks but did report improvements on the Aberrant Behavior Checklist (Aman, Singh, Stewart, & Field, 1985), which relies on reports of caregivers and yields a global score regarding problem behavior.…”

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confidence: 92%

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A Single-Case Experimental Analysis of the Effects of Ambient Prism Lenses for an Adolescent With Developmental Disabilities

Chok¹,

Reed

Kennedy

et al. 2010

Behav Analysis Practice

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We evaluated ambient prism lenses as an intervention to improve the cognitive and motor skills of an adolescent diagnosed with autism and mild mental retardation. Cognitive tasks were presented in both ambient prism lenses and no lenses conditions across four assessments in a multielement design. We then evaluated the effects of ambient prism lenses, placebo lenses, and no lenses on motor skills assessed in previous studies (i.e., balance beam walk and ball-catch) as well as leisure and vocational tasks relevant to the student's academic programming (i.e., money sorting and basketball shooting). Results across assessments indicated relative increases in scores across all experimental conditions, indicating practice effects. No differences across the use of ambient prism, placebo, or no lenses conditions were observed. We conclude with a discussion on how to objectively evaluate controversial and/or alternative therapies for children with developmental disabilities.

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Section: Measurement Design and Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 92%

A Single-Case Experimental Analysis of the Effects of Ambient Prism Lenses for an Adolescent With Developmental Disabilities

Chok¹,

Reed

Kennedy

et al. 2010

Behav Analysis Practice

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“…The purpose of yoked prisms (sometimes also referred to as ‘conjugate’ prisms or ‘ambient lenses’, e.g. Kaplan et al. (1996); Kaplan and Carmody (1997)) is not therefore to address a vertical or horizontal imbalance between the eyes, but, in the words of Birnbaum (1993) (p.186), ‘ their effect is rather to create spatial change ’ (see below).…”

Section: Yoked Prisms For Near Binocular Disorders and For Producing mentioning

confidence: 99%

A critical evaluation of the evidence supporting the practice of behavioural vision therapy

Barrett

2008

Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic

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In 2000, the UKÕs College of Optometrists commissioned a report to critically evaluate the theory and practice of behavioural optometry. The report which followed Jennings (2000; Behavioural optometry -a critical review. Optom. Pract. 1: 67) concluded that there was a lack of controlled clinical trials to support behavioural management strategies. The purpose of this report was to evaluate the evidence in support of behavioural approaches as it stands in 2008. The available evidence was reviewed under 10 headings, selected because they represent patient groups/conditions that behavioural optometrists are treating, or because they represent approaches to treatment that have been advocated in the behavioural literature. The headings selected were: (1) vision therapy for accommodation/vergence disorders; (2) the underachieving child; (3) prisms for near binocular disorders and for producing postural change; (4) near point stress and low-plus prescriptions; (5) use of low-plus lenses at near to slow the progression of myopia; (6) therapy to reduce myopia; (7) behavioural approaches to the treatment of strabismus and amblyopia; (8) training central and peripheral awareness and syntonics; (9) sports vision therapy; (10) neurological disorders and neurorehabilitation after trauma/stroke. There is a continued paucity of controlled trials in the literature to support behavioural optometry approaches. Although there are areas where the available evidence is consistent with claims made by behavioural optometrists (most notably in relation to the treatment of convergence insufficiency, the use of yoked prisms in neurological patients, and in vision rehabilitation after brain disease/injury), a large majority of behavioural management approaches are not evidence-based, and thus cannot be advocated.

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“…Potential sources of bias in previous studies include partially or entirely subjective assessment of posture and performance, or a lack of masking of participants or researchers. [9][10][11][12][13] Gizzi et al 10 used an objective method (moving platform posturography) to measure posture in healthy individuals without prisms, immediately on wearing 15-diopter (D) base right yoked prisms and after wearing the prisms for 1 hour. Statistically significant shifts in posture toward the prism base (right) were reported at both time points, but multiple comparisons were made with no mention of a correction factor for these.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%