Postural development in rats

Lelard, Thierry; Jamon, Marc; Gasc, Jean‐Pierre; Vidal, Pierre‐Paul

doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2006.05.018

Cited by 27 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Denham et al 5. showed that foals have not yet achieved an even, 4‐beat rhythm at walk when aged 21 weeks, suggesting that there is a period of gait and balance maturation, as has been demonstrated in other animals 3, 6, 7.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 72%

The development of locomotor kinetics in the foal and the effect of osteochondrosis

Gorissen

Wolschrijn

Bragança

et al. 2016

Equine Veterinary Journal

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SummaryReason for performing studyFoals stand and walk immediately after birth, but insight into the subsequent longitudinal development of their gait kinetics in the early juvenile phase and the possible influence of osteochondrosis thereon is lacking.ObjectivesTo quantify gait kinetics in foals during the first half year of life, taking into account their osteochondrosis status.Study designProspective, cohort study performed at a single stud farm.MethodsPressure plate measurements at walk and trot from 11 Dutch Warmblood foals during the first 24 weeks of life were used to determine body mass normalised peak vertical force, normalised vertical impulse and stance duration. Coefficients of variation of peak vertical force and stance duration were used as measures for gait maturity. Radiographs of tarsocrural and femoropatellar joints were taken at age 4–6 weeks and after 6 months to check for osteochondrosis. A linear mixed model was used to determine the effects of age, limb, presence of osteochondrosis and speed on gait parameters.ResultsMean walking and trotting velocity increased over time as did stance duration and normalised vertical impulse, normalised peak vertical force values however remained relatively constant. During the first weeks of their life only the coefficient of variation of stance duration decreased significantly, while the coefficient of variation of peak vertical force did not. None of the foals was visibly lame, but the presence of osteochondrosis resulted in a temporarily but significantly reduced normalised peak vertical force.Main limitationsThis study is a relatively small sample size of one breed from a single stud farm. A stand‐alone pressure plate was used and body mass was estimated rather than measured.ConclusionsDespite being precocious, foals need time to mature their gait. During growth, velocity at walk and trot increases, but normalised peak vertical force remains relatively constant. Although not visibly lame, a temporary reduction in normalised peak vertical force was detected in osteochondrosis positive foals using a pressure plate.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 72%

The development of locomotor kinetics in the foal and the effect of osteochondrosis

Gorissen

Wolschrijn

Bragança

et al. 2016

Equine Veterinary Journal

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“…This is in line with abnormal locomotion and circling behavior observed in mutants with a deprivation of vestibular afferents before P7 (Vidal et al, 2004). Pups are known to exhibit some form of postural adjustment throughout the first postnatal week (Lelard et al, 2006), although the sensory origin of such motor command remains unknown. Presumably, some sensory signal based on vestibular afferents may contribute to the early regulation of posture in neonates.…”

Section: Maturation Time Of Canal-related Central Vestibular Neurons mentioning

confidence: 82%

“…At P14, the significant increase of functionally activated Fos-ir vestibular nuclear neurons is correlated with the rapid transformation of sluggish locomotion into adultlike locomotion by P13-15 (Westerga and Gramsbergen, 1990;Geisler et al, 1993). It is noteworthy that postural development, including changes in stance posture at rest (Lelard et al, 2006) and swimming characteristics (Beckoff and Trainer, 1979), also assumed adult-like features by the third postnatal week. That rodents can swim and sense correct orientation in water has been thought to be closely related to the otolith organs (Sweet, 1980;Jones et al, 2004).…”

Section: Maturation Time Of Canal-related Central Vestibular Neurons mentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The rat was enclosed in a restraining device and mounted on the horizontal turntable which could be rotated about the earth's vertical axis. Since the orientation of the horizontal semicircular canal with reference to the earth's horizontal was comparable in P0, P7, P14, and P21 rats (Lelard et al, 2006), the experimental rat was positioned such that the whole animal tilted forward-down 30°from the earth's horizontal in order to align the horizontal semicircular canals with the earth's horizontal plane (Curthoys et al, 1975;Blanks and Torigoe, 1989). The vertical axis of the turntable passed through the middle of the skull between the right and left horizontal semicircular canals.…”

Section: Horizontal Angular Accelerationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Maturation of canal‐related brainstem neurons in the detection of horizontal angular acceleration in rats

Lai

Yiu

Lai

et al. 2010

J of Comparative Neurology

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We examined the functional maturation of canal-related brainstem neurons in Sprague-Dawley rats at postnatal day (P)1 to adult. Conscious animals were subjected to cycles of angular acceleration and deceleration so as to selectively activate hair cells of the horizontal semicircular canals. Brainstem neurons were monitored for c-fos expression by immuno-hybridization histochemistry as an indicator of neuronal activation. Fos-immunoreactive canal-related neurons were identifiable from P4 onwards in the vestibular nucleus and downstream vestibular relay stations, prepositus hypoglossal nucleus, and inferior olive. In the vestibular nucleus and prepositus hypoglossal nucleus, the number of canal-related neurons increased progressively with age, reaching the adult level by P21. Those in the inferior olive increased in number from P4 to P14 but decreased significantly afterwards until adulthood. The topography was not clear in the vestibular nucleus and prepositus hypoglossal nucleus. Canal-related neurons in P4-7 rats were spread throughout the rostrocaudal length of each subnucleus but clusters of canal-related neurons tended to form within specific subnuclei by P21. These were concentrated in the caudal halves of medial and spinal vestibular nuclei and the rostral parts of superior vestibular nucleus and prepositus hypoglossal nucleus. In the inferior olive, the topography was evident early in the course of development. Canal-related neurons were exclusively located in four subnuclei: dorsal medial cell column, dorsal cap, subnucleus A, and subnucleus C, but not in other subnuclei. Taken together, our data revealed the developmental profile of neuronal subpopulations within the horizontal canal system, thus providing an internal neural representation for postnatal coding of horizontal head rotations in spatial perception.

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“…Locomotion and postural development in rats have been described as occurring in discernible stages, defined by how the animal supports, moves, and controls particular body parts, and linked to the maturation of relevant neural circuitry (Clarac, Brocard, & Vinay, 2004;Geisler, Westerga, & Gramsbergen, 1993;Lelard, Jamon, Gasc, & Vidal, 2006). Adult rats repetitively and rapidly protract and retract their whiskers whilst exploring in a behavior known as ''whisking'' (Zucker & Welker, 1969).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

The development of whisker control in rats in relation to locomotion

Grant

Mitchinson

Prescott

2011

Developmental Psychobiology

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Adult rats sweep their large facial whiskers (macrovibrissae) back and forth in a rhythmic pattern known as "whisking". Here we examine how these whisker movements develop in relation to other aspects of exploratory behavior, particularly locomotion. We analyzed 963 high-speed video recordings of neonatal rats, from P1 (Post-natal day 1) to P21, and measured the emergence of whisker control and of head, body, and limb movements. Prior to P11, whisker movements were largely limited to unilateral retractions accompanying head turns. Between P11 and P13 bilateral whisking emerged alongside increased forward locomotion and improved control of the head. Contact-induced modulations of whisking symmetry, synchrony, and whisker spread emerge shortly thereafter but continue to develop until at least P18, coinciding with the emergence of adult-like locomotion patterns such as rearing. Overall, whisking develops alongside increasing locomotor competence indicating that active vibrissal sensing plays an important role in the exploratory behavior of the developing animal.

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Postural development in rats

Cited by 27 publications

References 42 publications

The development of locomotor kinetics in the foal and the effect of osteochondrosis

The development of locomotor kinetics in the foal and the effect of osteochondrosis

Maturation of canal‐related brainstem neurons in the detection of horizontal angular acceleration in rats

The development of whisker control in rats in relation to locomotion

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