Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Carrión, Victor G.; Kletter, Hilit

doi:10.1016/j.chc.2012.05.004

Cited by 22 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 91 publications

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“…Nevertheless, the current findings suggest that dysfunction in amygdala-orbitofrontal interactions in ASD could also result in mental inflexibility. Also, recent clinical studies have begun to examine PTSD using a developmental framework with twin studies or prospective studies examining behavioral flexibility prior to trauma [10]. For example, Admon et al [58] found that healthy soldiers who would later go on to develop PTSD via their combat service demonstrated imbalanced neural responses in the amygdala and nucleus accumbens when weighing risk versus reward prior to trauma.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, amygdala dysfunction has been identified in many neuropsychiatric disorders including classic developmental disorders such as Autism [4], William’s Syndrome [5], and Schizophrenia [6,7], Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) [8], and other anxiety disorders [9]. Interestingly, these syndromes are now thought to have a strong developmental component [10]. Thus, understanding not only the basic functions of the amygdala, but also how its early perturbation may lead to specific behavioral deficits, which may or may not differ depending on the type of pathologic insult and/or the age at which the insult occurs, is hugely relevant for providing clinically relevant biomarkers and determining optimal treatment options.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Selective Neonatal Amygdala Damage on Concurrent Discrimination Learning and Reinforcer Devaluation in Monkeys

Kazama

Bachevalier

2013

J Psychol Psychother

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Objectives The amygdala is known to be a key neural structure in many neuropsychiatric disorders. Primarily known for its involvement in fear regulation, the amygdala also plays a critical role in appetitive flexible decision-making. Yet, its contribution to the development of flexible goal-directed behavior has not been thoroughly examined. Design The current study examined flexible decision-making abilities after neonatal amygdala lesions in nonhuman primates using a behavioral paradigm known to measure the flexible monitoring of goal-directed choices in rodents, monkeys, and humans. Method Rhesus monkeys of both sexes were divided into two groups, a sham-operated control group (N=4) and a group with neonatal neurotoxic amygdala lesions (N=5). Animals received the lesions at 1–2 weeks and were tested at both four and six years of age on a concurrent discrimination reinforcer devaluation task. Results Although neonatal amygdala damage spared learning stimulus-reward associations, it severely impaired the ability to flexibly shift object choices away from those items associated with devalued food rewards. The results were similar to those obtained in monkeys that had acquired the same lesions in adulthood. Conclusions Thus, the amygdala is critical for appetitive decision-making, and provide further evidence of little functional sparing after early amygdala insult. The findings are discussed in relation to other behavioral measures on the same animals and to clinical neuropsychiatric disorders.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Selective Neonatal Amygdala Damage on Concurrent Discrimination Learning and Reinforcer Devaluation in Monkeys

Kazama

Bachevalier

2013

J Psychol Psychother

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“…Studies finding independent effects of trauma exposure tend to be large, general population studies with measures of the full range of traumas experienced over the lifetime, in contrast to the studies finding an explanatory role for PTSD that have frequently focussed on a single specific trauma exposure like combat, sexual abuse or natural disaster. Taking lifetime trauma history into account is important because the experience of multiple trauma exposures is common [17], [24] and is associated with greater likelihood of and severity of PTSD symptoms [25]–[28], so the effects of PTSD become confounded with multiple traumatic exposures unless they are included in models as separate variables.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations between Lifetime Traumatic Events and Subsequent Chronic Physical Conditions: A Cross-National, Cross-Sectional Study

et al. 2013

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BackgroundAssociations between lifetime traumatic event (LTE) exposures and subsequent physical ill-health are well established but it has remained unclear whether these are explained by PTSD or other mental disorders. This study examined this question and investigated whether associations varied by type and number of LTEs, across physical condition outcomes, or across countries.MethodsCross-sectional, face-to-face household surveys of adults (18+) were conducted in 14 countries (n = 38, 051). The Composite International Diagnostic Interview assessed lifetime LTEs and DSM-IV mental disorders. Chronic physical conditions were ascertained by self-report of physician's diagnosis and year of diagnosis or onset. Survival analyses estimated associations between the number and type of LTEs with the subsequent onset of 11 physical conditions, with and without adjustment for mental disorders.FindingsA dose-response association was found between increasing number of LTEs and odds of any physical condition onset (OR 1.5 [95% CI: 1.4–1.5] for 1 LTE; 2.1 [2.0–2.3] for 5+ LTEs), independent of all mental disorders. Associations did not vary greatly by type of LTE (except for combat and other war experience), nor across countries. A history of 1 LTE was associated with 7/11 of the physical conditions (ORs 1.3 [1.2–1.5] to 1.7 [1.4–2.0]) and a history of 5+ LTEs was associated with 9/11 physical conditions (ORs 1.8 [1.3–2.4] to 3.6 [2.0–6.5]), the exceptions being cancer and stroke.ConclusionsTraumatic events are associated with adverse downstream effects on physical health, independent of PTSD and other mental disorders. Although the associations are modest they have public health implications due to the high prevalence of traumatic events and the range of common physical conditions affected. The effects of traumatic stress are a concern for all medical professionals and researchers, not just mental health specialists.

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“…PTG involves meaning making, which can change according to the stage of life (Andrews & Marotta, 2005) and the individual differences in personality among exposed indi-viduals (Daud, Klinteberg, & Rydelius, 2008). Trauma researchers and practitioners are now calling for a dialectical approach that considers the relative contributions of both symptomatic and developmental pathways to stress and growth (Carrion & Kletter, 2012).…”

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confidence: 99%

Posttraumatic growth among combat veterans: A proposed developmental pathway.

Marotta-Walters¹,

Choi²,

Shaine³

2015

Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy

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With the large number of combat veterans returning from war, there is an ever-increasing need to understand ways to help soldiers and veterans successfully navigate their return to life after combat. Posttraumatic growth (PTG) offers strong protective elements following combat, including reduction in suicidal ideation (Bush et al., 2011). The purpose of this study was to explore a proposed psychosocial developmental pathway between posttraumatic stress symptoms and PTG among combat veterans of the Afghanistan and Iraq wars. The indirect pathway from posttraumatic symptoms to PTG through negative psychosocial development was found to be significant and positive. It appears that psychosocial development may indeed mediate the process by which combat veterans can make meaning from their experiences, improving overall well-being.

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Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Cited by 22 publications

References 91 publications

Effects of Selective Neonatal Amygdala Damage on Concurrent Discrimination Learning and Reinforcer Devaluation in Monkeys

Effects of Selective Neonatal Amygdala Damage on Concurrent Discrimination Learning and Reinforcer Devaluation in Monkeys

Associations between Lifetime Traumatic Events and Subsequent Chronic Physical Conditions: A Cross-National, Cross-Sectional Study

Posttraumatic growth among combat veterans: A proposed developmental pathway.

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