Posttranslational Modifications in Thyroid Cancer: Implications for Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Classification, and Treatment

Abstract

There is evidence that posttranslational modifications, including phosphorylation, acetylation, methylation, ubiquitination, sumoylation, glycosylation, and succinylation, may be involved in thyroid cancer. We review recent reports supporting a role of posttranslational modifications in the tumorigenesis of thyroid cancer, sensitivity to radioiodine and other types of treatment, the identification of molecular treatment targets, and the development of molecular markers that may become useful as diagnostic tools. An increased understanding of posttranslational modifications may be an important supplement to the determination of alterations in gene expression that has gained increasing prominence in recent years.

Unraveling the Post-Translational Modifications and therapeutical approach in NSCLC pathogenesis

“…In addition to ubiquitination, deubiquitination involves removing ubiquitin from the target protein, also impacting ubiquitinated proteins levels in a cell. A group of enzymes namely deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) regulate the tightly controlled process of deubiquitination [51] . By controlling the activity as well as degradation of proteins that promote or repress tumor growth, ubiquitination has an important function in tumorigenesis.…”

Epigenetic Targets and Their Inhibitors in Thyroid Cancer Treatment

“…Histones are the main proteins that make up chromatin and serve as the "spool" around which DNA is arranged [10]. A 147 bp segment of DNA is wrapped around an octamer of histones H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 to form a nucleosome [11].…”

“…A 147 bp segment of DNA is wrapped around an octamer of histones H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 to form a nucleosome [11]. Post-translational modification of the N-terminal tails of histones includes acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitination, SUMOylation, ADP ribosylation and so on [10]. Among these, histone acetylation and methylation are the most studied histone modifications and have been experimented with corresponding therapeutic targets.…”