Poststimulus cuing in immediate memory.

The effects of memory load and the contrast of the rod signal on partial report superiority in a Sperling task

“…That is, whole reports had more items to be reported, so they suffered more on the average. Anderson (1960) has shown that with an auditory list of items, subjects report a smaller percentage of items when asked for the entire list than when asked for just some fraction of it. This is a partial report superiority for spoken items, usually attributed to output interference.…”

Working memory span tasks: A methodological review and user’s guide

“…More specifically, the running-memory span task (N. S. Anderson, 1960;Pollack, Johnson, & Knaff, 1959;Waugh, 1960) presents stimuli in lists of unknown length, and subjects must recall only the last n items (the prespecified, variable memory load). Thus, the subjects retain only the most recent n items that are presented and continuously drop items from the maintenance/rehearsal set once the list length exceeds n. Similarly, the keeping-track task (Yntema & Mueser, 1960, 1962) presents a list of items, of unknown length and from n categories (the memory load), and subjects retain only the most recent exemplar of each category.…”

Sensory storage reconsidered

“…As indicated above, Anderson (1960) obtained a difference between partial and whole report scores for recall of sequences of 12 auditory digits presented at a rate of 2/sec. The difference was small and was attributed to output interference, as stated.…”

“…The effect was first identified in the context of partial-whole comparisons by Anderson (1960), working with auditory digit sequences. In her experiment practices Ss showed an excess of proportional partial report over whole report in the amount of an estimated 9.9 available against 8.7 achieved in whole report.…”