Postrelease mortality among persons hospitalized during their incarceration

Abstract

Health and mortality of people released from incarceration have received increased attention, and yet little is known about the postrelease experiences of those hospitalized during incarceration. Methods: For persons incarcerated and released from the North Carolina (NC) state prison system between January 1, 2008, and June 30, 2015, we examined postrelease mortality from 2008 to 2016 by history of prison hospitalization. Results: Among 111,479 released persons, 0.9% (n ¼ 1010) were hospitalized during their incarceration, and of those, 10.5% (n ¼ 106) died during follow-up compared with 3.2% (3511/110,469) of other released persons. Those hospitalized in prison had a higher postrelease death rate (adjusted hazard ratio: 2.44), a lower 8-year conditional probability of survival (0.80 vs. 0.94), and were more likely to die from chronic causes (79.2% vs. 51.0%) than other released persons. The postrelease standardized mortality rate among men hospitalized in prison was 3.1 times higher than that of those not hospitalized and 7.1 times the rate of all NC men. Conclusions: People hospitalized during incarceration constitute a particularly vulnerable, yet relatively easily identifiable priority population to focus health interventions supporting continuity of care after prison release. Yet such efforts may be particularly challenging in NC and other Medicaid non-expansion states.

Sex differences in suicide, suicidal ideation, and self-harm after release from incarceration: a systematic review and meta-analysis

“…Of the 26 studies reporting on suicide, most ( n = 23) reported using the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) to define death by suicide. Of the 26 suicide studies, 11 examined confirmed deaths by suicide exclusively (e.g., ICD9: E950, E959, ICD10: X60, X84) [ 14 , 39 – 47 , 61 ], three included both suicide and unnatural deaths with undetermined intent (e.g., ICD10: X60, X84, Y10, Y34) [ 48 – 50 ], and 12 did not provide detailed information about suicide definitions [ 51 – 60 , 62 , 63 ].…”

Violence-related deaths among people released from incarceration: systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies

“…The characteristics of the studies are outlined in Table 1 . The 11 included studies [ [10] , [11] , [12] , [13] , [25] , [26] , [27] , [28] , [29] , [30] , [31] ] contained 988,553 people released from incarceration and 4,835 violence-related deaths (range 68-1,708 violence-related deaths). The studies were published between 2007 and 2020 and had a median follow-up period of 13 years (interquartile range 8-16 years).…”