Postprandial glycine as a biomarker of satiety: A dose-rising randomised control trial of whey protein in overweight women

Lim, Jia Jiet; Sequeira, Ivana R.; Yip, Wilson; Lu, Liangqun; Barnett, Daniel Bunout; Cameron‐Smith, David; Poppitt, Sally D.

doi:10.1016/j.appet.2021.105871

Cited by 7 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…In other respect, Kovalik et al [7] evidenced in more than five hundred elderly individuals (mean age 73 years) that changes in plasma amino acid profiles over the past 15 years, especially glycine but also serine, methionine and branched chain amino acids (BCAA : leucine, isoleucine, valine), were associated with cardiovascular functions in ageing. The only nonconclusive clinical trial had tested the use of plasma glycine as a biomarker of appetite response to both water and whey protein drinks in 24 female participants with a wide range of body mass index (BMI) (23–40 kg/m 2 ) [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alterations in glycine metabolism in obesity and chronic metabolic diseases – an update on new advances

Alves¹,

Morio²

2022

Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition &Amp; Metabolic Care

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Purpose of reviewThe metabolic signature associated with obesity is characterized by a decrease in plasma glycine concentration, a feature closely associated with insulin resistance and highly predictive of the risk of developing chronic metabolic diseases. This review presents recent advances in understanding the causes of decreased glycine availability and in targeting strategies to replenish the glycine pool and especially to improve insulin resistance.Recent resultsRecent literature has made progress in understanding host and gut microbiota mechanisms in determining circulating glycine levels. It has also explored new clinical pathways to restore circulating glycine levels and insulin resistance in obesity-related metabolic diseases.SummaryRecent findings suggest that glycine metabolism must now be considered in close interaction with branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) metabolism. Thus, strategies that decrease BCAAs seem to be the best to restore glycine. Furthermore, recent literature has confirmed that lifestyle strategies aimed at inducing weight loss are effective in replenishing the glycine pool. It also confirms that correcting the dysbiosis of the gut microbiota associated with obesity may be a valuable means of achieving this goal. However, it remains unclear whether dietary glycine is an effective strategy for correcting cardiometabolic disorders in obesity.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alterations in glycine metabolism in obesity and chronic metabolic diseases – an update on new advances

Alves¹,

Morio²

2022

Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition &Amp; Metabolic Care

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“…A closer look at the glycine profiles within ethnicity and IPFD cohorts found a prominent depletion of levels relative to increasing WPI concentration. Though the WPI beverages contained trace amounts of glycine (0.2 – 0.9 g) ( 39 ), it was apparent that high IPFD participants fed with 12.5 g of WPI were more sensitive to glycine depletion than participants with low IPFD. Glycine depletion was also more pronounced in the Chinese cohort’s response to 50 g or 12.5 g WPI than Caucasians.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The presented work is a continuation of previously reported TOFI_Asia studies ( 7 , 18 ). The recruitment procedures, study design, WPI composition, participant characteristics, appetite biomarkers and gluco-corticoid hormone measurements have been summarized previously by Lim et al ( 39 ). In brief, this was an acute, randomized, three treatment cross-over study which investigated the postprandial WPI response of 12 Asian Chinese females and 12 European Caucasian females, aged 20–69 years and BMI 19.6–36.8 kg/m 2 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of ethnicity and intra-pancreatic fat on the postprandial metabolome response to whey protein in overweight Asian Chinese and European Caucasian women with prediabetes

Joblin-Mills

Fraser

et al. 2022

Front. Clin. Diabetes Healthc.

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The “Thin on the Outside Fat on the Inside” TOFI_Asia study found Asian Chinese to be more susceptible to Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) compared to European Caucasians matched for gender and body mass index (BMI). This was influenced by degree of visceral adipose deposition and ectopic fat accumulation in key organs, including liver and pancreas, leading to altered fasting plasma glucose, insulin resistance, and differences in plasma lipid and metabolite profiles. It remains unclear how intra-pancreatic fat deposition (IPFD) impacts TOFI phenotype-related T2D risk factors associated with Asian Chinese. Cow’s milk whey protein isolate (WPI) is an insulin secretagogue which can suppress hyperglycemia in prediabetes. In this dietary intervention, we used untargeted metabolomics to characterize the postprandial WPI response in 24 overweight women with prediabetes. Participants were classified by ethnicity (Asian Chinese, n=12; European Caucasian, n=12) and IPFD (low IPFD < 4.66%, n=10; high IPFD ≥ 4.66%, n=10). Using a cross-over design participants were randomized to consume three WPI beverages on separate occasions; 0 g (water control), 12.5 g (low protein, LP) and 50 g (high protein, HP), consumed when fasted. An exclusion pipeline for isolating metabolites with temporal (T0-240mins) WPI responses was implemented, and a support vector machine-recursive feature elimination (SVM-RFE) algorithm was used to model relevant metabolites by ethnicity and IPFD classes. Metabolic network analysis identified glycine as a central hub in both ethnicity and IPFD WPI response networks. A depletion of glycine relative to WPI concentration was detected in Chinese and high IPFD participants independent of BMI. Urea cycle metabolites were highly represented among the ethnicity WPI metabolome model, implicating a dysregulation in ammonia and nitrogen metabolism among Chinese participants. Uric acid and purine synthesis pathways were enriched within the high IPFD cohort’s WPI metabolome response, implicating adipogenesis and insulin resistance pathways. In conclusion, the discrimination of ethnicity from WPI metabolome profiles was a stronger prediction model than IPFD in overweight women with prediabetes. Each models’ discriminatory metabolites enriched different metabolic pathways that help to further characterize prediabetes in Asian Chinese women and women with increased IPFD, independently.

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“…Yet, the associations between these biomarkers and appetite have only been investigated under conditions of energy balance in acute postprandial studies. In these studies, a postprandial glucose “dip” below the pre-meal baseline was associated with increased self-reported hunger [ 32 ], and a postprandial AA “rise” was associated with increased self-reported satiety [ 30 , 31 , 33 ]. Despite no previous studies investigating these associations in the context of dietary-induced BW loss, a decrease in circulating glucose and multiple individual AAs was hypothesised to be associated with decreased satiety, in line with acute postprandial studies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

No Evidence That Circulating GLP-1 or PYY Are Associated with Increased Satiety during Low Energy Diet-Induced Weight Loss: Modelling Biomarkers of Appetite

Lim

Liu

et al. 2023

Nutrients

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Bariatric surgery and pharmacology treatments increase circulating glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY), in turn promoting satiety and body weight (BW) loss. However, the utility of GLP-1 and PYY in predicting appetite response during dietary interventions remains unsubstantiated. This study investigated whether the decrease in hunger observed following low energy diet (LED)-induced weight loss was associated with increased circulating ‘satiety peptides’, and/or associated changes in glucose, glucoregulatory peptides or amino acids (AAs). In total, 121 women with obesity underwent an 8-week LED intervention, of which 32 completed an appetite assessment via a preload challenge at both Week 0 and Week 8, and are reported here. Visual analogue scales (VAS) were administered to assess appetite-related responses, and blood samples were collected over 210 min post-preload. The area under the curve (AUC0-210), incremental AUC (iAUC0-210), and change from Week 0 to Week 8 (∆) were calculated. Multiple linear regression was used to test the association between VAS–appetite responses and blood biomarkers. Mean (±SEM) BW loss was 8.4 ± 0.5 kg (−8%). Unexpectedly, the decrease in ∆AUC0-210 hunger was best associated with decreased ∆AUC0-210 GLP-1, GIP, and valine (p < 0.05, all), and increased ∆AUC0-210 glycine and proline (p < 0.05, both). The majority of associations remained significant after adjusting for BW and fat-free mass loss. There was no evidence that changes in circulating GLP-1 or PYY were predictive of changes in appetite-related responses. The modelling suggested that other putative blood biomarkers of appetite, such as AAs, should be further investigated in future larger longitudinal dietary studies.

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Postprandial glycine as a biomarker of satiety: A dose-rising randomised control trial of whey protein in overweight women

Cited by 7 publications

References 60 publications

Alterations in glycine metabolism in obesity and chronic metabolic diseases – an update on new advances

Alterations in glycine metabolism in obesity and chronic metabolic diseases – an update on new advances

The impact of ethnicity and intra-pancreatic fat on the postprandial metabolome response to whey protein in overweight Asian Chinese and European Caucasian women with prediabetes

No Evidence That Circulating GLP-1 or PYY Are Associated with Increased Satiety during Low Energy Diet-Induced Weight Loss: Modelling Biomarkers of Appetite

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