Postprandial Changes in Chemokines Related to Early Atherosclerotic Processes in Familial Hypercholesterolemic Subjects: A Preliminary Study

Novel Immune Features of the Systemic Inflammation Associated with Primary Hypercholesterolemia: Changes in Cytokine/Chemokine Profile, Increased Platelet and Leukocyte Activation

“…In our study, whereas no differences in the percentage of circulating neutrophils were detected between patients and controls, a clear increase in the percentage of activated cells (CD69 + ) was observed, suggesting the existence of a proatherogenic state. This is consistent with our finding of increased circulating levels of CXCL8, which is involved in neutrophil activation, in the PH group, as has been reported previously, albeit in patients with FH [10]. Also, the plasma concentrations of this chemokine positively correlated with the circulating levels of key lipids in PH, ApoB, LDL and TC.…”

“…PH is associated with risk of developing arteriosclerosis and the likelihood of future serious ischemic events. Previous studies have provided evidence of low systemic inflammation in patients with hypercholesterolemia [6,7,9,10,11,16]. Here, we carried out a detailed characterization of different immune players and soluble inflammatory markers in PH and correlated these data with the circulating levels of key lipid components.…”

“…Previous studies indicate that low grade systemic inflammation is associated with PH, which might explain the higher incidence of CVD in these patients [4,5]. In this context, several studies have shown that different soluble inflammatory markers, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and high sensitivity C reactive protein, are detected at higher levels in patients with hypercholesterolemia than in age-matched controls [5,6,7,8,9,10,11]. In addition, it is widely accepted that different chemotactic cytokines or chemokines are involved in the initial stage of the atherosclerotic lesion formation and more precisely in the recruitment of different leukocyte subsets [12].…”

“…In addition, it is widely accepted that different chemotactic cytokines or chemokines are involved in the initial stage of the atherosclerotic lesion formation and more precisely in the recruitment of different leukocyte subsets [12]. In patients with hypercholesterolemia, increased circulating concentrations of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL2), macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α/CCL3), MIP-1β (CCL4), IL-8/CXCL8 and IFN-γ-inducible protein10 (IP-10/CXCL10) have been also described [10,11]. By contrast, whereas the mRNA expression of regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES/CCL5) was reported to be increased in mononuclear cells from children with familial hypercholesteromia, this chemokine mRNA up-regulation was not found in adults with the disease [13].…”

Oral Unsaturated Fat Load Impairs Postprandial Systemic Inflammation in Primary Hypercholesterolemia Patients

“…The oral unsaturated fat load (OUFL) test is a standardized method to study postprandial lipemia that allows the evaluation of the relationship between fatty acids and different parameters in a non-fasting situation (Garcia-Garcia et al, 2019). In this regard, an OUFL challenge in patients with FH was found to modulate oxidative/antioxidative status, reducing overall oxidative stress (Pedro et al, 2013;Cortes et al, 2014) and the levels of some atherosclerosis-related chemokines (Cortes et al, 2016). The postprandial effect of unsaturated fats on the immune state in patients with PH has, by comparison, received much less attention.…”