Postpartum depression and associated risk factors during the COVID-19 pandemic

Shuman, Clayton J.; Peahl, Alex; Pareddy, Neha; Morgan, Mikayla E.; Chiangong, Jolyna; Veliz, Philip; Dalton, Vanessa K.

doi:10.1186/s13104-022-05991-8

Cited by 40 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 25 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Women giving birth during the pandemic may suffer more anxiety and depression. Pandemic sequelae such as fear of infection, face mask mandates, women with CS perceiving visitation restrictions, and social isolation may increase anxiety, which can contribute to PPD ( 32 , 33 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk factors for postpartum depression in women undergoing elective cesarean section: A prospective cohort study

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

BackgroundPostpartum depression (PPD) has adverse effects on maternal and child health. Cesarean section (CS) is suggested to be associated with PPD, but no study has examined the risk factors for PPD in women who underwent CS. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate this association.MethodsA prospective observational study was conducted between December 2020 and September 2021. In total, 590 women who underwent elective CS participated in this study. Data were collected using a questionnaire through a face-to-face interview at three time points: 32nd week of gestation, 2 days postpartum, and 6 weeks postpartum. PPD was defined by an Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) score of ≥ 11 at 6 weeks postpartum. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the risk factors for PPD.ResultsAmong the 590 women, 25.4% had PPD (142/590). After adjustment for the confounding factors, high antenatal self-rating anxiety scale score (OR = 1.10, 95% CI = 1.04–1.16), PPD symptoms (EPDS ≥ 11) at 2 days postpartum (OR = 6.17, 95% CI = 1.35–28.31), and pain at 6 weeks postpartum (OR = 2.14, 95% CI = 1.24–3.69) were independently associated with PPD.ConclusionPrenatal anxiety, PPD symptoms occurring at an early postoperative stage, and pain at 6 weeks postpartum may be associated with an increased risk of PPD among women who undergo CS.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk factors for postpartum depression in women undergoing elective cesarean section: A prospective cohort study

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The association between PPD and COVID-19 pandemic has been studied in some countries. In a study conducted in the United States, for example, Shuman et al ( 7 ) found that one-third and one-fifth of the studied women had PPD and severe PPD, respectively. Also, in a systematic review by Chen et al ( 8 ) found that the prevalence of PPD during COVID-19 pandemic was 34%, which was much higher than the same rate before emergence of the pandemic.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Comparison of pre- and intra-COVID-19 postpartum depression among reproductive aged women: A comparative cross-sectional study in Ahvaz, Iran

Afshari

Tadayon²,

Abedi³

et al. 2022

Front. Psychiatry

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

BackgroundThe association between PPD and COVID-19 pandemic has been studied in some countries. This study aimed to compare postpartum depression before and during the COVID-19 pandemic among reproductive-aged women in Ahvaz, Iran.MethodsThis comparative cross-sectional study involved 600 women of reproductive age in Ahvaz, Iran during the COVID-19 pandemic who were compared with 504 of their counterparts before the pandemic. Literate women who had given birth 1–6 months prior to the study, were aged 18–35, and were willing to participate in this study were recruited. A demographic questionnaire and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale were used to collect the data. Independent t-test, Chi-square, and Logistic regression were used to analyze the data.ResultsBefore the pandemic, only 123 (24.9%) of the women had PPD, while during the pandemic, this number rose to 409 (68.2%). During the COVID-19 pandemic, the women were 8.727 times more likely to have PPD (95% CI: 5.919–12.868). During the pandemic, women with high school education and those having a high school diploma were 2.454 and 2.054 times more likely to have PPD compared to women with a university degree (95% CI: 1.508–3.996 and 1.302–3.241, respectively).ConclusionThe prevalence of PPD among Iranian reproductive-aged women increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. Policymakers should seek some strategies to support women during pregnancy and postpartum in times of crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic.

show abstract

“…These pandemic‐related stressors, introduced early in the pandemic, could have significantly elevated maternal mental health challenges 10 and resulted in heightened levels of distress 11 and mental illness among perinatal persons. 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, social distancing and stay‐at‐home orders can contribute to decreased social support, placing postpartum persons at increased risk for postpartum PTSD. These pandemic‐related stressors, introduced early in the pandemic, could have significantly elevated maternal mental health challenges 10 and resulted in heightened levels of distress 11 and mental illness among perinatal persons 12–17 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These pandemic-related stressors, introduced early in the pandemic, could have significantly elevated maternal mental health challenges 10 and resulted in heightened levels of distress 11 and mental illness among perinatal persons. [12][13][14][15][16][17] Postpartum PTSD can result in poor maternal-infant bonding, decreased maternal self-efficacy, and strained partner relationships. [18][19][20] Furthermore, postpartum PTSD can adversely affect subsequent pregnancies, including increased risk for intrauterine growth restriction, premature birth, and ✦ Giving birth during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can contribute to a traumatic birth experience for postpartum persons and increase the number of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms experienced.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Associations Among Postpartum Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms and COVID‐19 Pandemic‐Related Stressors

Shuman

Morgan

Pareddy

et al. 2022

J Midwife Womens Health

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Introduction Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic‐related stressors (eg, exposure, infection worry, self‐quarantining) can result in heightened levels of distress and symptoms of postpartum posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Methods Using a cross‐sectional descriptive design, we collected survey data from a convenience sample of 670 postpartum persons who gave birth to a newborn during the first 6 months of the COVID‐19 pandemic in the United States. The presence of PTSD symptoms was measured using the 21‐item Birth Memories And Recall Questionnaire (BirthMARQ) and defined as an affirmative rating for each item (score of 5 to 7 on a 1 to 7 agreement scale). Symptoms counts were computed for each of the 6 BirthMARQ domains, 2 symptom clusters (intrusive; mood and cognition alterations), and the total number of symptoms. Symptom counts were analyzed using descriptive statistics. We explored associations among COVID‐19 experiences (self‐quarantine behaviors, infection worry, exposure) and counts of PTSD symptoms using negative binomial regression models while controlling for postpartum depression screening scores, neonatal intensive care unit admissions, number of weeks postpartum, race, and marital status. Results Almost 99% of participants reported experiencing at least one of 21 PTSD symptoms (mean, 8.32; SD, 3.63). Exposure to COVID‐19 was associated with a 34% greater risk for experiencing intrusive symptoms, specifically, symptoms of reliving the birthing experience as if it were happening now (47% greater risk). Worry surrounding COVID‐19 infection was associated with a 26% increased risk for experiencing intrusive recall symptoms in which birth memories came up unexpectantly. COVID‐19 quarantining behaviors were not significantly related to increasing PTSD symptoms. Many of the demographic variables included were associated with increasing PTSD symptoms. Discussion Screening perinatal persons for PTSD is critically important, especially during public health crises like the COVID‐19 pandemic. The integration of comprehensive mental health screening, including specific screening for trauma and symptoms of PTSD, across health care settings can help improve delivery of quality, patient‐centered care to postpartum persons.

show abstract

Postpartum depression and associated risk factors during the COVID-19 pandemic

Cited by 40 publications

References 25 publications

Risk factors for postpartum depression in women undergoing elective cesarean section: A prospective cohort study

Risk factors for postpartum depression in women undergoing elective cesarean section: A prospective cohort study

Comparison of pre- and intra-COVID-19 postpartum depression among reproductive aged women: A comparative cross-sectional study in Ahvaz, Iran

Associations Among Postpartum Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms and COVID‐19 Pandemic‐Related Stressors

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About