Postnatal penile length and growth rate correlate to serum testosterone levels: a longitudinal study of 1962 normal boys

Boas, Malene; Boisen, Kirsten A; Virtanen, Helena E.; Kaleva, Marko; Suomi, Anne-Maarit; Schmidt, Ida Maria; Damgaard, Ida; Kai, Claudia Mau; Chellakooty, Marla; Skakkebæk, Niels E.; Toppari, Jorma; Main, Katharina M.

doi:10.1530/eje.1.02066

Cited by 208 publications

(141 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Testosterone doses were similar to recommendations (21). However, in the general population, the highest penile length velocity is associated with increased levels of testosterone during the first 3 months after birth (22). This finding supports the concept of a specific male programming window that determines final penile size, similar to the results found in rodents (23).…”

Section: Patient Gh Therapysupporting

confidence: 83%

Impaired puberty, fertility, and final stature in 45,X/46,XY mixed gonadal dysgenetic patients raised as boys

Martinerie

Morel²,

Pienkowski³

et al. 2012

European Journal of Endocrinology

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Context: Gender assignment followed by surgery and hormonal therapy is a difficult decision in the management of 45,X/46,XY patients with abnormal external genitalia at birth considering the paucity of studies evaluating pubertal development and fertility outcome, most notably for patients raised as boys. Objective: The purpose of this study was to describe the pubertal course of 20 45,X/46,XY patients born with ambiguous genitalia and raised as boys. Methods: This is a multicenter retrospective study. Results: Mean age at study was 25.6G2.4 years. Eighty-five percent of the patients presented a 'classical' mixed gonadal dysgenetic phenotype at birth. Puberty was initially spontaneous in all but three boys, although in six other patients, testosterone therapy was subsequently necessary for completion of puberty. Sixty-seven percent of the remaining patients presented signs of declined testicular function at the end of puberty (increased levels of FSH and low levels of testosterone and/or inhibin B). Moreover, an abnormal structure of the Y chromosome, known to alter fertility, was found in 10 out of 16 (63%) patients. Two patients developed testicular cancer. Half of the patients have adult penile length of !80 mm. Mean adult height is 156.9G2 cm, regardless of GH treatment. Conclusions: In summary, 45,X/46,XY children born with ambiguous genitalia and raised as boys have an altered pubertal course and impaired fertility associated with adult short stature, which should, therefore, be taken into consideration for the management of these patients.

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Section: Patient Gh Therapysupporting

confidence: 83%

Impaired puberty, fertility, and final stature in 45,X/46,XY mixed gonadal dysgenetic patients raised as boys

Martinerie

Morel²,

Pienkowski³

et al. 2012

European Journal of Endocrinology

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“…[84][85][86] As penile growth occurs during infancy and childhood, micropenis can be assessed using available cross-sectional normative data. 87,88 These two clinical clues warrant hormonal monitoring during mini-puberty. However, more severe genital anomalies, such as hypospadias, point away from a diagnosis of CHH and, instead, indicate a defect of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)-driven androgen secretion and/or action in early fetal life, before the initiation of endogenous GnRH activity.…”

Section: Clinical Presentation Of Chhmentioning

confidence: 99%

European Consensus Statement on congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism—pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment

et al. 2015

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| Congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) is a rare disorder caused by the deficient production, secretion or action of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which is the master hormone regulating the reproductive axis. CHH is clinically and genetically heterogeneous, with >25 different causal genes identified to date. Clinically, the disorder is characterized by an absence of puberty and infertility. The association of CHH with a defective sense of smell (anosmia or hyposmia), which is found in ~50% of patients with CHH is termed Kallmann syndrome and results from incomplete embryonic migration of GnRHsynthesizing neurons. CHH can be challenging to diagnose, particularly when attempting to differentiate it from constitutional delay of puberty. A timely diagnosis and treatment to induce puberty can be beneficial for sexual, bone and metabolic health, and might help minimize some of the psychological effects of CHH. In most cases, fertility can be induced using specialized treatment regimens and several predictors of outcome have been identified. Patients typically require lifelong treatment, yet ~10-20% of patients exhibit a spontaneous recovery of reproductive function. This Consensus Statement summarizes approaches for the diagnosis and treatment of CHH and discusses important unanswered questions in the field.

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“…[3][4][5] However, these measurements can be subject to significant international variations, in addition to being obtained with different methodologies in some cases. [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] Wang et al recently published a study that demonstrated differences in penis length between young Taiwanese boys and young Caucasian boys.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Avaliação das medidas do comprimento peniano de crianças e adolescentes

Gabrich¹,

Vasconcelos²,

Damião³

et al. 2007

J. Pediatr. (Rio J.)

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Objective: Classically, the penis has two functions: to make internal fertilization possible and to direct the urine stream. However, objective abnormalities in penis size can lead to diseases being diagnosed. Furthermore, many medical consultations are the result of patients seeking parameters for normal penis size. Additionally, the penile anthropometry of Brazilian children and adolescents has not yet been properly studied. The objective of this study is to carry out penile anthropometry of Brazilian children and adolescents, establishing references for clinical use. Methods:A cross-sectional study was carried out of 2,010 patients with ages varying from 0 to 18 years. Five penile measurements were taken: diameter of penile shaft; apparent and real length of flaccid penis; apparent and real (RSL max ) length of flaccid penis fully stretched. Pubertal development was defined according to Tanner's criteria. Results:Only RSLmax, out of all of the penile measurements, did not exhibit significant interobserver variation at all ages analyzed (p = 0.255). Results were tabulated with mean RSLmax and the values that define micropenis (mean -2.5 standard deviations) by age and by Tanner sexual maturity stages. A graph was plotted of the distribution of RSLmax results by the 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th and 90th percentiles and by age. Conclusions:Out of all of the penile anthropometric measurements, only RSL max is clinically useful. We recommend our results as a reference standard for penile anthropometry of Brazilian children and adolescents.J Pediatr (Rio J). 2007;83(5):441-446: Anthropometry, penis, child development, adolescent development, growth.

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Postnatal penile length and growth rate correlate to serum testosterone levels: a longitudinal study of 1962 normal boys

Cited by 208 publications

References 16 publications

Impaired puberty, fertility, and final stature in 45,X/46,XY mixed gonadal dysgenetic patients raised as boys

Impaired puberty, fertility, and final stature in 45,X/46,XY mixed gonadal dysgenetic patients raised as boys

European Consensus Statement on congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism—pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment

Avaliação das medidas do comprimento peniano de crianças e adolescentes

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