“…Researchers have identified differences in parenting practices based on personal and lifestyle characteristics. For example, lower levels of positive parenting have been identified with socio-economically disadvantaged parents, parenting of boys, and parents experiencing a mental illness and anger (FaHCSIA, 2004(FaHCSIA, -2011Parfitt & Ayers, 2012); differences in parenting styles exist between single mothers, young mothers and working mothers; and connections between parental distress (often associated with joblessness and singleness) and hostile parenting have been found (Parke et al, 2004). Consequently, the quality of the parent-child relationship and parenting practices are found to be related to children's externalising and internalising problems, cognitive and educational outcomes, social competence, self-esteem and health (DHS, 2006;O'Connor & Scott, 2007;Spoth, Golberg, & Redmond, 1999).…”