Postnatal Development of the Eustachian Tube Glands

Orita, Yorihisa; Sando, Isamu; Hirsch, Barry E.; Miura, Makoto; Hasebe, Seishi; Balaban, Carey D.

doi:10.1097/00005537-200209000-00022

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…In specimens from children without evidence of otitis media, the density of goblet cells was significantly lower in the roof of the tubal lumen than in the floor 30 . The relative proportion of acinar cells varied by age; a greater proportion of mucous glands and insufficient serous glands were noted until age 7 years 31 …”

Section: Anatomy and Pathology Of Eustachian Tube And Middle Earmentioning

confidence: 90%

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Studies in Otitis Media: Children's Hospital Of Pittsburgh–University of Pittsburgh Progress Report—2004

2004

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Included in the discussion are the following: 1) studies of the epidemiology and risk factors; 2) anatomy and pathology of the eustachian tube-middle ear from human temporal bone histopathological specimens; 3) physiology and pathophysiology of the eustachian tube-middle ear in humans and animal models; 4) pathogenesis; 5) otitis media in special populations (e.g., patients with cleft palate, Native Americans, patients with Down syndrome); 6) microbiology; 7) diagnosis; 8) outcomes of randomized clinical trials that evaluated efficacy of nonsurgical and surgical methods of treatment and prevention; 9) studies of certain complications and sequelae (e.g., effect of middle-ear effusion on hearing, early child development, and the vestibular system; chronic suppurative otitis media). Also included are relevant summary tables and 256 references.

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Section: Anatomy and Pathology Of Eustachian Tube And Middle Earmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…The following summarizes some of the developmental anatomical findings in infants' specimens, as compared with adults, from Sando's laboratory. Table I is a summary of these and other studies from his laboratory, as well as other reports from our group 20–37 …”

Section: Anatomy and Pathology Of Eustachian Tube And Middle Earmentioning

confidence: 92%

Studies in Otitis Media: Children's Hospital Of Pittsburgh–University of Pittsburgh Progress Report—2004

2004

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“…Prenatal rescue of auditory-tube SMGs provides long-term bulla protection, indicating that continuous EDAR signalling is not required for adult gland function. Auditory-tube SMGs are present in newborn children (Orita et al, 2002; Berger, 1993), implying that novel prenatal correction of XLHED phenotypes (Schneider et al, 2018) may also aid upper respiratory tract SMG development, thereby reducing predisposition to chronic nasal and bulla pathology.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The finding of HED-associated otitis media in rats as well as mice suggests that dogs and cattle with HED (Hadji Rasouliha et al, 2018; Kowalczyk et al, 2011; Waluk et al, 2016; Karlskov-Mortensen et al, 2011; Seeliger et al, 2005) may also have otitis media. A better understanding of interspecies differences in HED-associated otitis media will increase the confidence in translating findings to human patients, in which the direct study of auditory-tube SMGs is difficult and where our current knowledge comes from histology of post-mortem samples (Orita et al, 2002; Berger, 1993). Rodent models and, in future, other animal models, have an important role in modelling HED as they have the potential to identify key characteristics of bulla pathology, such a granulomatous inflammation induced by FB particles, which distinguishes them from a background of acute otitis media, recurrent acute otitis media and particularly chronic otitis media with effusion (glue ear), which is common in infants and young children (Bhutta et al, 2017).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of ectodysplasin signalling in middle ear and nasal pathology in rat and mouse models of hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia

Pozo

MacIntyre

Azar

et al. 2019

Disease Models &Amp; Mechanisms

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Patients with mutations in the ectodysplasin receptor signalling pathway genes – the X-linked ligand ectodysplasin-A ( EDA ), the receptor EDAR or the receptor adapter EDARADD – have hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED). In addition to having impaired development of teeth, hair, eccrine sweat glands, and salivary and mammary glands, HED patients have ear, nose and throat disease. The mouse strains Tabby ( Eda Ta ) and downless ( Edar dl-J/dl-J ) have rhinitis and otitis media due to loss of submucosal glands in the upper airway. We report that prenatal correction of EDAR signalling in Eda Ta mice with the agonist anti-EDAR antibody rescues the auditory-tube submucosal glands and prevents otitis media, rhinitis and nasopharyngitis. The sparse- and wavy-haired ( swh ) rat strain carries a mutation in the Edaradd gene and has similar cutaneous HED phenotypes to mouse models. We report that auditory-tube submucosal glands are smaller in the homozygous mutant Edaradd swh/swh than those in unaffected heterozygous Edaradd swh/+ rats, and that this predisposes them to otitis media. Furthermore, the pathogenesis of otitis media in the rat HED model differs from that in mice, as otitis media is the primary pathology, and rhinitis is a later-onset phenotype. These findings in rodent HED models imply that hypomorphic as well as null mutations in EDAR signalling pathway genes may predispose to otitis media in humans. In addition, this work suggests that the recent successful prenatal treatment of X-linked HED (XLHED) in humans may also prevent ear, nose and throat disease, and provides diagnostic criteria that distinguish HED-associated otitis media from chronic otitis media with effusion, which is common in children.

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“…Interplay between various immune components in the middle-ear cavity and the bulla fluid play a significant part in the onset of disease and subsequent eradication of bacteria (Hernandez et al, 2015). The middle ear cavity is lined with a mucosal membrane containing secretory glands that produce major components of both mucoid and serous fluids (Orita et al, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cellular content plays a crucial role in Non‐typeableHaemophilus influenzaeinfection of preinflamedJunbomouse middle ear

Vikhe

Purnell

Brown

et al. 2018

Cellular Microbiology

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Non‐typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) is a major pathogen causing acute otitis media (AOM). The relationship between the cellular content of the middle ear fluid (MEF) during AOM and infection of NTHi is poorly understood. Using the Junbo mouse, a characterised NTHi infection model, we analysed the cellular content of MEF and correlated the data with NTHi titres. The MEF of the Junbo mouse was heterogeneous between ears and was graded from 1 to 5; 1 being highly serous/clear and 5 being heavily viscous/opaque. At seven‐day post‐intranasal inoculation, NTHi was not found in grade‐1 or 2 fluids, and the proportion of MEF that supported NTHi increased with the grade. Analyses by flow cytometry indicated that the cellular content was highest in grade‐4 and 5 fluids, with a greater proportion of necrotic cells and a low‐live cell count. NTHi infection of the middle ear increased the cell count and led to infiltration of immune cells and changes in the cytokine and chemokine levels. Following NTHi inoculation, high‐grade infected MEFs had greater neutrophil infiltration whereas monocyte infiltration was significantly higher in serous noninfected low‐grade fluids. These data underline a role for immune cells, specifically monocytes and neutrophils, and cell necrosis in NTHi infection of the Junbo mouse middle ear.

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Postnatal Development of the Eustachian Tube Glands

Abstract: It is assumed that the greater proportion of mucous glands and insufficient serous glands by 7 years of age reflects immature development, which may be one of the associated factors contributing to recurrent OM among infants.

Cited by 10 publications

References 20 publications

Studies in Otitis Media: Children's Hospital Of Pittsburgh–University of Pittsburgh Progress Report—2004

Studies in Otitis Media: Children's Hospital Of Pittsburgh–University of Pittsburgh Progress Report—2004

Role of ectodysplasin signalling in middle ear and nasal pathology in rat and mouse models of hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia

Cellular content plays a crucial role in Non‐typeableHaemophilus influenzaeinfection of preinflamedJunbomouse middle ear

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