Postnatal Development of the Cutaneous Flexor Reflex: Comparative Study of Preterm Infants and Newborn Rat Pups

Fitzgerald, Maria; Shaw, A. E.; Macintosh, Neil

doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.1988.tb04779.x

Cited by 219 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Animal studies have shown an analgesic efect of sweet solutions during infancy similar to that of humans [52]. Sweet components of milk including sucrose, glucose or fructose have shown to alleviate neonatal pain [53,54].…”

Section: Sweet Solution Analgesia In Animal Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sweet Solution Analgesia

Nuseir¹,

Kassab²,

Al-Azzani³

2017

Pain Relief - From Analgesics to Alternative Therapies

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Section: Sweet Solution Analgesia In Animal Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sweet Solution Analgesia

Nuseir¹,

Kassab²,

Al-Azzani³

2017

Pain Relief - From Analgesics to Alternative Therapies

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“…In evaluating the dorsal cutaneous flexor withdrawal reflex, preterm infants have a third to 50% of the threshold for the dorsal cutaneous flexor reflex reaction to pain as compared to term infants. 13 The afferent limb of the withdrawal reflex is conducted by C-fibers, which are pain-conducting fibers. Term infants have a lower threshold for this reflex compared to older children or adults because there is a delayed maturation of descending inhibitory fibers.…”

Section: What Are the Sources Of Infant Pain?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmacological approaches to the management of pain in the neonatal intensive care unit

Anand

2007

J Perinatol

103

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Effective and consistent management of neonatal pain remains a controversial issue.Premature infants are repeatedly subjected to painful tests and procedures or suffer painful conditions when they are most vulnerable. With different mechanisms transducing various types of pain the practice of 'one-drug fits all' becomes questionable.Clinicians must use the latest non-pharmacologic and pharmacologic therapies for effective management of neonatal pain, distress, or agitation. Pharmacologic strategies for dealing with neonatal pain in the neonatal intensive care unit are described. Opioid therapy, once considered the mainstay for neonatal analgesia, may not be as effective as previously thought. Morphine infusions do not alter the neurological outcomes of preterm neonates and may not be effective against acute pain. Alternative approaches with methadone, ketamine, or local anesthetics should be considered. Clinicians must understand the contextual circumstances underlying pain in individual neonates and tailor therapy accordingly, using the most current evidence related to neonatal pain assessment and management.

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“…Withdrawal thresholds increase as a function of age in both rats and humans (Reynolds and Fitzgerald 1995, Fitzgerald et al 1988, Andrews and Fitzgerald 1994. This reduction in sensitivity occurs during the normal course of development.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Skin incision-induced receptive field responses of mechanosensitive peripheral neurons are developmentally regulated in the rat

Boada

Gutiérrez

Giffear

et al. 2012

Journal of Neurophysiology

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Boada MD, Gutierrez S, Giffear K, Eisenach JC, Ririe DG. Skin incision-induced receptive field responses of mechanosensitive peripheral neurons are developmentally regulated in the rat. J Neurophysiol 108: 1122-1129, 2012. First published June 6, 2012 doi:10.1152/jn.00399.2012.-Maturation of the nervous system results in changes in both central and peripheral processing. To better understand responses to injury in the young, developmental differences in the acute response to incision were investigated in both tactile and nociceptive myelinated peripheral mechanosensitive afferent neurons in vivo. Neuronal intrasomal recordings were performed in juvenile and infant rats in 34 L5 dorsal root ganglia, and each neuron was phenotypically defined. Neurons had a mechanosensitive receptive field in the glabrous skin on the plantar surface of the hind paw, which was characterized at baseline and for up to 45 min after incision. Fundamental maturational differences in the effect of incision were clear: in high-threshold nociceptive mechanoreceptors, the mechanical threshold decreased immediately and the receptive field size increased rapidly in juvenile rats but not in infant rats. Additionally, a divergence in changes in the instantaneous response frequency of tactile afferents occurred between the two ages. These differences may help explain maturational differences in responses to peripheral injury and suggest that differences in central nervous system responses may be partially mitigated by spatially confined and frequencydependent differences resulting from tactile and nociceptive mechanosensitive input. development; dorsal root ganglia; intracellular electrophysiology; maturation; peripheral nerve SKIN INJURY produces considerable changes in afferent signaling and processing that leads to a hyperexcitability state (Treede et al. 1992;Brennan et al. 2005). These changes in excitability occur in both young and old alike. Both peripheral (primary sensory neuron) and central (secondary order neuron) changes are present, and a broad spectrum of sensory fibers are affected (Treede et al.

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Postnatal Development of the Cutaneous Flexor Reflex: Comparative Study of Preterm Infants and Newborn Rat Pups

Cited by 219 publications

References 22 publications

Sweet Solution Analgesia

Sweet Solution Analgesia

Pharmacological approaches to the management of pain in the neonatal intensive care unit

Skin incision-induced receptive field responses of mechanosensitive peripheral neurons are developmentally regulated in the rat

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