Postnatal development of the anterior ethmoidal nerve in cats: Unmyelinated and myelinated nerve fiber analysis

Wallois, Fabrice; Gros, François; Condamin, Madeleine; Macron, Jean-Michel

doi:10.1016/0304-3940(93)90418-k

Cited by 15 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Unmyelinated and small myelinated fibers innervate the nasal mucosa and provide most of the fibers in the anterior ethmoidal nerve (2,12,23,54,96,97). These small fibers also are probably important for the hemodynamic responses elicited by nasal stimulation with ammonia vapors (84).…”

Section: Voluntary Diving Versus Voluntary Swimmingmentioning

confidence: 97%

The rat: a laboratory model for studies of the diving response

Panneton

Gan

Juric

2010

Journal of Applied Physiology

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Underwater submersion in mammals induces apnea, parasympathetically mediated bradycardia, and sympathetically mediated peripheral vasoconstriction. These effects are collectively termed the diving response, potentially the most powerful autonomic reflex known. Although these physiological responses are directed by neurons in the brain, study of neural control of the diving response has been hampered since 1) it is difficult to study the brains of animals while they are underwater, 2) feral marine mammals are usually large and have brains of variable size, and 3) there are but few references on the brains of naturally diving species. Similar responses are elicited in anesthetized rodents after stimulation of their nasal mucosa, but this nasopharyngeal reflex has not been compared directly with natural diving behavior in the rat. In the present study, we compared hemodynamic responses elicited in awake rats during volitional underwater submersion with those of rats swimming on the water's surface, rats involuntarily submerged, and rats either anesthetized or decerebrate and stimulated nasally with ammonia vapors. We show that the hemodynamic changes to voluntary diving in the rat are similar to those of naturally diving marine mammals. We also show that the responses of voluntary diving rats are 1) significantly different from those seen during swimming, 2) generally similar to those elicited in trained rats involuntarily "dunked" underwater, and 3) generally different from those seen from dunking naive rats underwater. Nasal stimulation of anesthetized rats differed most from the hemodynamic variables of rats trained to dive voluntarily. We propose that the rat trained to dive underwater is an excellent laboratory model to study neural control of the mammalian diving response, and also suggest that some investigations may be done with nasal stimulation of decerebrate preparations to decipher such control.

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Section: Voluntary Diving Versus Voluntary Swimmingmentioning

confidence: 97%

The rat: a laboratory model for studies of the diving response

Panneton

Gan

Juric

2010

Journal of Applied Physiology

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“…In the feline nose, there appears to be a set of low-threshold mechanoreceptive Aδ fibers that are sensitive only to light touch and a set of chemomechanical-sensitive fibers that synapse on wide dynamic range neurons in the spinal cord dorsal horn [9]. The feline anterior ethmoid nerve contains 6000 C, 650 Aδ, and 350 Aβ fibers [10]. First pain is followed by delayed-onset but more prolonged, dull pain sensations conveyed by unmyelinated Nasal sensory nerve stimulation leads to sensations of pain and congestion and nociceptive nerve axon responsemediated release of substance P that stimulates glandular secretion as an immediate-acting protective mucosal defense.…”

Section: Aδ δ δ δ and C Fibersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurogenic mechanisms in rhinosinusitis

Baraniuk

2001

Curr Allergy Asthma Rep

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Nasal sensory nerve stimulation leads to sensations of pain and congestion and nociceptive nerve axon response-mediated release of substance P that stimulates glandular secretion as an immediate-acting protective mucosal defense. Recruited parasympathetic reflexes cause submucosal gland secretion via muscarinic M3 receptors. Parasympathetic reflexes, sneezing, and other avoidance behaviors rapidly clear the upper airway of offending agents while protecting the lower airways. Dysfunction contributes to allergic, infectious, and other nonallergic rhinitides and possibly sinusitis. Sympathetic arterial vasoconstriction reduces mucosal blood flow, sinusoidal filling, and mucosal thickness, restoring nasal patency. Loss of sympathetic tone may contribute to some chronic, nonallergic rhinopathies.

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“…Histological investigations (13,26) indicated an abundant distribution of substance P-containing C-fiber nerve endings in the nasal mucosa of various species, including rats. A quantitative electron microscopic study of the anterior ethmoidal nerve, a branch of the ophthalmic division in cats (28), showed that the number of unmyelinated fibers is about six times greater than that of myelinated fibers. Thus our results are in good agreement with these observations that trigeminal C-fiber sensory nerve endings are important in eliciting the reflex and receptor responses to nasal chemical irritants.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protective and defensive airway reflexes evoked by nasal exposure to wood smoke in anesthetized rats

Kou

2000

Journal of Applied Physiology

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We investigated the airway responses evoked by nasal wood smoke in anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats. Wood smoke (5 ml, 1.4 ml/s) was delivered into an isolated nasal cavity while animals breathed spontaneously. In study 1, nasal wood smoke triggered either an apneic response (n = 26) or a sniff-like response (n = 16) within 1 s after smoke exposure in 42 normal rats. Both airway responses were abolished by trigeminal nerve denervation and by nasal application of a local anesthetic or a hydroxyl radical scavenger, but they were not significantly affected by removal of smoke particulates or nasal application of a saline vehicle. In study 2, nasal wood smoke only triggered a mild apneic response in two rats neonatally treated with capsaicin and had no effect on breathing in the other six; the treatment is known to chronically ablate C fibers and some Adelta fibers. In contrast, nasal wood smoke evoked an apneic response in six rats neonatally treated with the vehicle of capsaicin and elicited a sniff-like response in the other two. These results suggest that the apneic and sniff-like responses evoked by nasal wood smoke result from the stimulation of trigeminal nasal C-fiber and Adelta-fiber afferents by the gas-phase smoke and that hydroxyl radical is the triggering chemical factor.

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Postnatal development of the anterior ethmoidal nerve in cats: Unmyelinated and myelinated nerve fiber analysis

Cited by 15 publications

References 19 publications

The rat: a laboratory model for studies of the diving response

The rat: a laboratory model for studies of the diving response

Neurogenic mechanisms in rhinosinusitis

Protective and defensive airway reflexes evoked by nasal exposure to wood smoke in anesthetized rats

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