Postfabrication annealing of pentacene-based photovoltaic cells

Mayer, Alex C.; Lloyd, Matthew T.; Herman, David J.; Kasen, T.G.; Malliaras, George G.

doi:10.1063/1.1842358

Cited by 106 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 24 publications

(24 reference statements)

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“…Salzmann and co-workers studied this bi-molecular systems on a conductive polymer film to find the gap width of 1.15 eV and an absence of the vacuum level shift [15]. However, since reported V oc values for this molecular combination is less than 0.5 eV [35], even if an energy conversion loss of 0.3 − 0.5 eV [36,37] due to the binding energy of the electron-hole pairs is taken into account, the ∆ DA values of these previous works may be overestimated to explain the practical systems. In contrast, more practical ∆ DA was derived from this work, even though the interface itself was built onto the single crystal surface and thus much simplified in comparison to realistic devices.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electronic Structures of a Well-Defined Organic Hetero-Interface: C<sub>60 </sub>on Pentacene Single Crystal

Yamamoto

Nakayama

Uragami

et al. 2015

e-J. Surf. Sci. Nanotech.

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Electronic structures of donor-acceptor hetero-interfaces are crucial for performance of organic solar cell devices. In the present study, a well-defined organic molecular interface of pentacene single crystal and C60 overlayer is elucidated by x-ray and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS and UPS) and photoelectron yield spectroscopy (PYS). An energy level diagram at this hetero-molecular contact in the "head-on" orientation is derived, which reveals the vacuum level alignment and flat-band conditions.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electronic Structures of a Well-Defined Organic Hetero-Interface: C<sub>60 </sub>on Pentacene Single Crystal

Yamamoto

Nakayama

Uragami

et al. 2015

e-J. Surf. Sci. Nanotech.

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“…polyacenes, [83][84][85] such as pentacene and tetracene, as well as the metal phthalocyanines (MePc), such as CuPc or ZnPc, are among the most studied donor materials. For acceptors, perylene compounds like 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic bis-benzimidazole (PTCBI), as well as C 60 , are commonly used.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solar cells utilizing small molecular weight organic semiconductors

Rand

Genoe

Heremans

et al. 2007

Progress in Photovoltaics

465

296

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In this review, we focus on the field of organic photovoltaic cells based on small molecular weight materials. In particular, we discuss the physical processes that lead to photocurrent generation in organic solar cells, as well as the various architectures employed to optimize device performance. These include the donor-acceptor heterojunction for efficient exciton dissociation, the exciton blocking layer, the mixed or bulk heterojunction, and the stacked or tandem cell. We show how the choice of materials with known energy levels and absorption spectra affect device performance, particularly the open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current density. We also discuss the typical materials and growth techniques used to fabricate devices, as well as the issue of device stability, all of which are critical for the commercialization of low-cost and high-performance organic solar cells.

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“…Many of the derivatives of 4 and 5 are good candidates for OLEDs (19)(20)(21)(22). Recently, with a growing interest in solar energy and solar cells, 4 and 5 have also been made into OPV devices (23)(24)(25)(26)(27). Furthermore, 3-5 have been shown to be able to undergo singlet fission (28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33) ( 1 M* + 1 M → 2 3 M*), which in principle can raise the efficiency limit of a solar cell to more than 40% (34,35) by converting one high-energy singlet exciton to two spatially separated lower-energy triplet excitons.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Nature of ground and electronic excited states of higher acenes

Yang

Davidson

Yang

2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

168

208

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Higher acenes have drawn much attention as promising organic semiconductors with versatile electronic properties. However, the nature of their ground state and electronic excited states is still not fully clear. Their unusual chemical reactivity and instability are the main obstacles for experimental studies, and the potentially prominent diradical character, which might require a multireference description in such large systems, hinders theoretical investigations. Here, we provide a detailed answer with the particleparticle random-phase approximation calculation. The 1 A g ground states of acenes up to decacene are on the closed-shell side of the diradical continuum, whereas the ground state of undecacene and dodecacene tilts more to the open-shell side with a growing polyradical character. The ground state of all acenes has covalent nature with respect to both short and long axes. The lowest triplet state 3 B 2u is always above the singlet ground state even though the energy gap could be vanishingly small in the polyacene limit. The bright singlet excited state 1 B 2u is a zwitterionic state to the short axis. The excited 1 A g state gradually switches from a doubleexcitation state to another zwitterionic state to the short axis, but always keeps its covalent nature to the long axis. An energy crossing between the 1 B 2u and excited 1 A g states happens between hexacene and heptacene. Further energetic consideration suggests that higher acenes are likely to undergo singlet fission with a low photovoltaic efficiency; however, the efficiency might be improved if a singlet fission into multiple triplets could be achieved.higher acenes | diradical | double excitation | particle-particle random-phase approximation | charge-transfer excitation

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Postfabrication annealing of pentacene-based photovoltaic cells

Cited by 106 publications

References 24 publications

Electronic Structures of a Well-Defined Organic Hetero-Interface: C<sub>60 </sub>on Pentacene Single Crystal

Electronic Structures of a Well-Defined Organic Hetero-Interface: C<sub>60 </sub>on Pentacene Single Crystal

Solar cells utilizing small molecular weight organic semiconductors

Nature of ground and electronic excited states of higher acenes

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