Postcodes as useful markers of social class: population based study in 26 000 British households   Commentary: Socioeconomic position should be measured accurately

Danesh, John; Gault, Simon; Semmence, J.; Appleby, PN; Pető, Richárd; Ben‐Shlomo, Yoav; Smith, George Davey

doi:10.1136/bmj.318.7187.843

Cited by 74 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…We tried to minimize such confounding through matching subjects on practice, and thereby on geographical region and city area. However, the use of postcodes as a proxy for SES is debated in literature [35,36]. We cannot rule out confounding due to unknown or unmeasured factors in this observational study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor use and protection against pneumonia in patients with diabetes

Garde

Souverein

Hak

et al. 2007

Journal of Hypertension

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor use and protection against pneumonia in patients with diabetes

Garde

Souverein

Hak

et al. 2007

Journal of Hypertension

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“…Reported indicators of socioeconomic status included smoking, age ended full time education, number of live siblings, and height (with the last two regarded as markers of childhood crowding and nutritional deprivation6 respectively). Household income was estimated from the current postcode by using computer software that has been found to produce reasonably high correlations ( R =0.40; P<0.0001) with self reported income 7. The birth rank of participants was estimated from the ages of their living siblings, since it has been suggested that having older siblings predisposes to earlier acquisition of H pylori.…”

Section: Participants and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Helicobacter pylori infection and early onset myocardial infarction: case-control and sibling pairs study

Danesh

Youngman

Clark

et al. 1999

BMJ

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126

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Objectives To examine the association between coronary heart disease and chronic Helicobacter pylori infection. Design Case-control study of myocardial infarction at young ages and study of sibling pairs with one member affected and the other not. Setting United Kingdom. Participants 1122 survivors of suspected acute myocardial infarction at ages 30-49 (mean age 44 years) and 1122 age and sex matched controls with no history of coronary heart disease; 510 age and sex matched pairs of siblings (mean age 59 years) in which one sibling had survived myocardial infarction and one had no history of coronary heart disease. Main outcome measures Serological evidence of chronic infection with H pylori.Results 472 (42%) of the 1122 cases with early onset myocardial infarction were seropositive for H pylori antibodies compared with 272 (24%) of the 1122 age and sex matched controls, giving an odds ratio of 2.28 (99% confidence interval 1.80 to 2.90). This odds ratio fell to 1.87 (1.42 to 2.47; P < 0.0001) after smoking and indicators of socioeconomic status were adjusted for and to 1.75 (1.29 to 2.36) after additional adjustment for blood lipid concentrations and obesity. Only 158 of the 510 pairs of siblings were discordant for H pylori status; among these, 91 cases and 67 controls were seropositive (odds ratio 1.33 (0.86 to 2.05)). No strong correlations were observed between H pylori seropositivity and measurements of other risk factors for coronary heart disease (plasma lipids, fibrinogen, C reactive protein, albumin, etc). Conclusion In the context of results from other relevant studies, these two studies suggest a moderate association between coronary heart disease and H pylori seropositivity that cannot be fully accounted for by other risk factors. But even if this association is causal and largely reversible by eradication of chronic infection, very large randomised trials would be needed to show this.

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“…Postcodes in the UK are useful markers of social class [14], supporting use of this area-based measure of deprivation. There are 136 postcode sectors in the catchment area served by the Greater Glasgow National Health Service (GGNHS).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risks of socioeconomic deprivation on mortality in hypertensive patients

Stewart

McInnes

Murray

et al. 2009

Journal of Hypertension

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Postcodes as useful markers of social class: population based study in 26 000 British households Commentary: Socioeconomic position should be measured accurately

Cited by 74 publications

References 8 publications

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor use and protection against pneumonia in patients with diabetes

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor use and protection against pneumonia in patients with diabetes

Helicobacter pylori infection and early onset myocardial infarction: case-control and sibling pairs study

Risks of socioeconomic deprivation on mortality in hypertensive patients

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