Post-vaccine rotavirus genotype distribution in Nairobi County, Kenya

Gikonyo, Joshua Ndung’u; Mbatia, Betty; Okanya, Patrick W.; Obiero, George F.; Sang, Carlene; Steele, A. Duncan; Nyangao, James

doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.005

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…In the post-vaccine introduction period, G3P [4] was the most frequent combination detected in MSD and LSD in 2016 and 2017, while G3P [8] was seen in LSD in 2018 and G9P [8] in MSD, LSD and controls in 2019. Our findings are in concordance with reports of African countries such as Botswana and Kenya in which G3P [4] was found after rotavirus vaccine introduction [42,43]. However, some studies reported G3P [8] in high frequency in cases of MSD in the post-vaccine introduction period in Mozambique [18] and other African countries such as Kenya reported G3P [8] and G9P [8] [44].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Molecular Epidemiology of Rotavirus Strains in Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Children in Manhiça District, Southern Mozambique 2008–2019

Manjate

João

Chirinda

et al. 2022

Viruses

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Group A rotaviruses remain the leading cause of diarrhoea in children aged <5 years. Mozambique introduced rotavirus vaccine (Rotarix®) in September 2015. We report rotavirus genotypes circulating among symptomatic and asymptomatic children in Manhiça District, Mozambique, pre- and post-vaccine introduction. Stool was collected from enrolled children and screened for rotavirus by enzyme-immuno-sorbent assay. Positive specimens were genotyped for VP7 (G genotypes) and VP4 (P genotypes) by the conventional reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. The combination G12P[8] was more frequently observed in pre-vaccine than in post-vaccine introduction, in moderate to severe diarrhoea (34%, 61/177 vs. 0, p < 0.0001) and controls (23%, 26/113 vs. 0, p = 0.0013) and mixed genotypes (36%, 24/67 vs. 7% 4/58, p = 0.0003) in less severe diarrhoea. We observed changes in post-vaccine compared to pre-vaccine introduction, where G3P[4] and G3P[8] were prevalent in moderate to severe diarrhoea (10%, 5/49 vs. 0, p = 0.0002; and 14%, 7/49 vs. 1%, 1/177, p < 0.0001; respectively), and in less severe diarrhoea (21%, 12/58 vs. 0, p = 0.003; and 24%, 14/58 vs. 0, p < 0.0001; respectively). Our surveillance demonstrated the circulation of similar genotypes contemporaneously among cases and controls, as well as switching from pre- to post-vaccine introduction. Continuous surveillance is needed to evaluate the dynamics of the changes in genotypes following vaccine introduction.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Molecular Epidemiology of Rotavirus Strains in Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Children in Manhiça District, Southern Mozambique 2008–2019

Manjate

João

Chirinda

et al. 2022

Viruses

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“…The introduction of RV vaccination has succeeded in nearly halving the number of global RV deaths from 453,000 in 2008 to 215,000 in 2013 (Moyo et al, 2014; Tate et al, 2012). Indeed, RV vaccines continue to be successful in minimizing disease severity as well as hospitalizations and thus reducing mortality from RV infection, but the infection nevertheless remains ineradicable, showing multiple outbreaks and greater diversity of circulating RV genotypes in the post-vaccination period documented in our previous studies (Hoque et al, 2020 ; Okitsu et al, 2022 ) as well as by other groups (Gibory et al, 2022 ; Gikonyo et al, 2020 ; Tsugawa et al, 2021 ). A similar diversity of RV genotypes was observed in the present study at SW (Table 1 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

“…Being a developed and industrialized nation, Japan still struggles against AGE-associated morbidity and economic losses throughout the year (Kawata et al, 2020 ). To prevent severe RV infections, Japan has introduced RV vaccines as voluntary vaccines since 2011 and included these in the national immunization program from October 2020, yet the diversity in RV genotypes and increasing trends of other diarrheal viruses have been found in post-RV-vaccination era worldwide including Japan (Gikonyo et al, 2020 ; Hoque et al, 2022a , 2022b , 2022c ; Tsugawa et al, 2021 ). However, after the emergence of the pandemic coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) , the implementation of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) like social distancing, mask-wearing, increased hand hygiene, school closures, and working from home have proven effective to reduce COVID-19 along with many other infectious diseases including AGE (Eigner et al, 2021 ; Zhang et al, 2022 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genotype Diversity of Enteric Viruses in Wastewater Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic

et al. 2023

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Viruses remain the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) worldwide. Recently, we reported the abundance of AGE viruses in raw sewage water (SW) during the COVID-19 pandemic, when viral AGE patients decreased dramatically in clinics. Since clinical samples were not reflecting the actual state, it remained important to determine the circulating strains in the SW for preparedness against impending outbreaks. Raw SW was collected from a sewage treatment plant in Japan from August 2018 to March 2022, concentrated by polyethylene-glycol-precipitation method, and investigated for major gastroenteritis viruses by RT-PCR. Genotypes and evolutionary relationships were evaluated through sequence-based analyses. Major AGE viruses like rotavirus A (RVA), norovirus (NoV) GI and GII, and astrovirus (AstV) increased sharply (10–20%) in SW during the COVID-19 pandemic, though some AGE viruses like sapovirus (SV), adenovirus (AdV), and enterovirus (EV) decreased slightly (3–10%). The prevalence remained top in the winter. Importantly, several strains, including G1 and G3 of RVA, GI.1 and GII.2 of NoV, GI.1 of SV, MLB1 of AstV, and F41 of AdV, either emerged or increased amid the pandemic, suggesting that the normal phenomenon of genotype changing remained active over this time. This study crucially presents the molecular characteristics of circulating AGE viruses, explaining the importance of SW investigation during the pandemic when a clinical investigation may not produce the complete scenario.

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“…Globally G1, G2, G3, G4, G9, G12 genotypes in combination with P [4], P[6] and P[8] are predominant (Crawford et al, 2017). With the introduction of vaccines, there have been reports of increased circulation of one or more genotypes and occasional emergence of vaccine-derived strains (Dulgheroff et al, 2012;Gikonyo et al, 2020;Roczo-Farkas et al, 2018;Tanaka et al, 2017;Thanh et al, 2018;Zeller et al, 2010). In the 11-year national GARV surveillance network study (2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012)(2013)(2014)(2015)(2016), G1P[8] was found to be the predominant genotype in all regions with circulating levels between 25 and 50% (Giri et al, 2020).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of major entero-pathogenic viruses and genetic characterization of Group A rotaviruses among children (≤5 years) with acute gastroenteritis in eastern India, 2018–2020

Mitra

Saha

et al. 2022

Journal of Applied Microbiology

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Aims: This study was carried out from January 2018 to March 2020 in Kolkata, eastern India to determine the prevalence rates and epidemiological patterns associated with the major viral agents of gastroenteritis among children ≤5 years of age.Molecular characterization of GARV, the predominant agent of viral gastroenteritis, was done to understand their genotype diversity.Methods and Results: 1284 of 3157 stool samples (~40%) from children (≤5 years) with acute gastroenteritis tested positive for one or more enteric viruses with positivity rates 25.11%, 8.74%, 6.62% and 6.11% for GARV, HAdV-F, AstV and NoV respectively. Co-infection was observed in 5.31% of cases. Associated clinical/meteorological variables like age, sex, symptoms, temperature and precipitation were assessed to find any correlation between these and enteric virus infection rates. >70% of viral gastroenteritis cases were observed in 6-24 months' age group. GARV and AstV infection occurred mostly during cooler months while HAdV-F infection mostly occurred during warmer periods. No definite seasonality was observed for NoV infections. Clinical severity associated with GARV infection was higher compared to other enteric viruses. Genotyping of rotavirus positive samples revealed G3P[8] was the predominantly circulating GARV genotype throughout the study period.Conclusions: GARV remained the predominant viral agent of acute gastroenteritis among children though its prevalence rates in this region declined significantly compared to the previous years (2010)(2011)(2012)(2013)(2014)(2015)(2016). The prevalence of other enteric viruses was below 10%. Significance and Impact of study:This study provides valuable insights regarding the current burden of viral gastroenteritis in Eastern India. The 2-year study in children will provide the baseline data for future surveillance studies in evaluating the impact of the introduced GARV vaccine on the overall prevalence of viral gastroenteritis.

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Post-vaccine rotavirus genotype distribution in Nairobi County, Kenya

Cited by 10 publications

References 31 publications

Molecular Epidemiology of Rotavirus Strains in Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Children in Manhiça District, Southern Mozambique 2008–2019

Molecular Epidemiology of Rotavirus Strains in Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Children in Manhiça District, Southern Mozambique 2008–2019

Genotype Diversity of Enteric Viruses in Wastewater Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic

Epidemiology of major entero-pathogenic viruses and genetic characterization of Group A rotaviruses among children (≤5 years) with acute gastroenteritis in eastern India, 2018–2020

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