Post-vaccination serum cytokines levels correlate with breakthrough influenza infections

Abstract

Post-vaccination cytokine levels from 256 young adults who subsequently suffered breakthrough influenza infections were compared with matched controls. Modulation within the immune system is important for eliciting a protective response, and the optimal response differs according to vaccine formulation and delivery. For both inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) and live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIV) lower levels of IL-8 were observed in post-vaccination sera. Post-vaccination antibody levels were higher and IFN-γ levels were lower in IIV sera compared to LAIV sera. Subjects who suffered breakthrough infections after IIV vaccination had higher levels of sCD25 compared to the control group. There were differences in LAIV post-vaccination interleukin levels for subjects who subsequently suffered breakthrough infections, but these differences were masked in subjects who received concomitant vaccines. Wide variances, sex-based differences and confounders such as concomitant vaccines thwart the establishment of specific cytokine responses as a correlate of protection, but our results provide real world evidence that the status of the immune system following vaccination is important for successful vaccination and subsequent protection against disease.

Single-cell multiomics analysis reveals SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine-induced trained immunity modulated by epigenetic remodeling

“…Our findings on trained immunity were similar to previous studies that attenuated live BCG vaccines induced enhanced AP-1 loci 13 and inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine induced relevant gene expression changes 60 . Those were contrast to reduction in the accessibility of AP-1 binding sites and production of innate cytokines with seasonal inactivated influenza vaccines 22,61 . A previous study has also reported the presence of an immune refractoriness state in a specific monocytes celltype following vaccination with the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine 8 .…”

TRAIL and IP-10 dynamics in pregnant women post COVID-19 vaccination: associations with neutralizing antibody potency

“…Previous research had revealed an increase in IP-10 levels after vaccinations ( Tang et al., 2023 ), and the increase was evident in healthy individuals as well as in elderly or cancer patients after administration of the BNT162b2 vaccine ( Konnova et al., 2022 ). According to the literature, after receiving a second vaccine dose, a memory response was induced, leading to a significant increase in levels of IFN-g, IP-10/CXCL10, IL-6, and TNF-a that were crucial for quickly recruiting and activating effector immune cells ( Bergamaschi et al., 2021 ).…”

Clinical Application of In Vitro Tests for COVID-19 Vaccine Delayed Hypersensitivity Diagnostics

“…In our opinion, it might be more evident in vaccines that activate the immune system as their primary mechanism. A rise in the number of these cytokines has been observed post-vaccination when using such vaccines as influenza and COVID-19 and might be more evident in subjects who have already had contact with either virus or their first dose of a vaccine [27,28]. With the ongoing high COVID-19 transmission in 2022, it was difficult to evaluate individuals' exposure [29].…”