Post-traumatic stress disorder in train crash survivors in Italy: the role of mood spectrum dysregulations and intrusiveness

Abstract

Background. To explore relationships among post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depressive spectrum symptoms, and intrusiveness in subjects who survived the crash of a train derailed carrying liquefied petroleum gas and exploded causing a fire. Methods. A sample of 111 subjects was enrolled in Viareggio, Italy. AMOS version 21 (IBM Corp, 2012) was utilized for a structural equation model-path analysis to model the direct and indirect links between the exposure to the traumatic event, the occurrence of depressive symptoms, and intrusiveness. Subjects were administered with the SCID-IV (Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV), the Questionnaire for Mood Spectrum (MOODS-SR)-Last Month version, the Trauma and Loss Spectrum Questionnaire (TALS-SR), and the Impact of Event Scale-Revised version (IES-R). Results. Sixty-six (66/111; 59.4%) subjects met SCID-IV criteria for PTSD. Indices of goodness of fit were as followed: χ2/df = 0.2 P = .6; comparative fit index = 1 and root mean square error of approximation = 0.0001. A significant path coefficient for direct effect of potential traumatic events on depressive symptoms (β = 0.25; P < .04) and from depressive symptoms to intrusiveness (β = 0.34; P < .003) was found. An indirect effect was also observed: standardized value of potential traumatic events on intrusiveness was 0.86. The mediating factor of this indirect effect path was represented by depressive symptoms. Potential traumatic events explained 6.2% of the variance of depressive symptoms; 11.8% of the variance of intrusiveness was accounted for traumatic event and depressive symptoms. Conclusions. Path analysis led us to speculate that depression symptoms might have mediated the relationship between the exposure to potential traumatic events and intrusiveness for the onset of PTSD.

COVID-19 Pandemic in the Italian Population: Validation of a Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Questionnaire and Prevalence of PTSD Symptomatology

“…Several factors directed the choice to use the IES-R to evaluate the convergent validity of the COVID-19-PTSD. First of all, although the IES-R has not been validated in the general Italian population, it was used to assess the PTSD symptomatology in many Italian samples [18][19][20][21][22][23][24]29,30]), which confirmed its adequate reliability. Moreover, both a validation of the previous version (IES) [31] and a published translation of the current version (IES-R) [26] led us to consider the IES-R as an appropriate tool to use for assessing the convergent validity of the COVID-19-PTSD questionnaire.…”

What Are the Predictors of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Among Road Traffic Accident Survivors

“…Depression was almost significantly associated with PTSD between 10 days and 2.5 years after the trauma (Bedaso et al, 2020; Blanchard et al, 1995a, 1995b; da Conceição Lemos, 2013; Hodgson and Webster, 2011; Irish et al, 2008; Khodadadi-Hassankiadeh et al, 2017b; Miniati et al, 2021; Ning et al, 2017; Ryb et al, 2009; van den Heuvel et al, 2016; Wang et al, 2005; Yohannes et al, 2018). Although most studies reported it as a pretrauma factor, studies by Khodadadi-Hassankiadeh et al (2017a) and Hodgson and Webster (2011) demonstrated depression as a post-traumatic predictor between 1 and 6 months.…”

The Relationship Between Stress and Resilience of Nurses in Intensive Care Units During the COVID-19 Pandemic

“…11 However, not everyone who suffers stress develops psychological or mental illnesses. 12 Staff coping use various strategies such as social and personal resources, as well as social support, optimism, and resilience, operate as protective factors. 13,14 Resilience is described as an individual's ability to manage great hardship and recover rapidly, and it has been associated with a lower risk of mental illness.…”