Post-resistance exercise photobiomodulation therapy has a more effective antioxidant effect than pre-application on muscle oxidative stress

Abstract

This study evaluated the effect of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMt) before or after a high-intensity resistance exercise (RE) session on muscle oxidative stress. Female Wistar rats were assigned to one of the following groups: Sham (non-exercised, undergoing placebo-PBMt); NLRE (exercised, undergoing placebo-PBMt); PBMt + RE (pre-exercise PBMt); RE + PBMt (post-exercise PBMt). The RE comprised four climbs bearing the maximum load with a 2 min rest between each climb. An 830-nm aluminum gallium arsenide diode laser (100 mW; 0.028 cm 2 ; 3.57 mW/cm 2 ; 142.8 J/cm 2 ; 4 J; Photon Laser III, DMC, São Paulo, Brazil) was applied 60 s before or after RE in gastrocnemius muscles. Analyses were performed at 24 h after RE: lipoperoxidation using malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein oxidation (OP) on Western blot. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity were spectrophotometrically assessed. Nitric oxide (NO) level was determined by the Griess reaction. The MDA and OP levels were significantly higher in the NLRE group. Increased OP was prevented in all PBMt groups; however, increased MDA was prevented only in the RE + PBMT group. The RE + PBMt group had higher SOD activity compared to all other groups. A higher GPx activity was observed only in the PBMT + RE compared to Sham group, and CAT activity was reduced by RE, without PBMt effect. NO levels were unchanged with RE or PBMt. Therefore, PBMt application after a RE section has a more potent antioxidant effect than previous PBMt. Rats submitted to post-RE PBMt illustrated prevention of increased lipoperoxidation and protein oxidation as well as increased SOD activity.

Can Photobiomodulation Therapy (PBMT) Minimize Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…Some authors also report that PBMT can provide higher levels of cellular respiration and ATP synthesis due to the modulation of aerobic metabolism enzymes, such as complexes I, II, III, and IV of the mitochondrial respiratory chain [ 19 , 20 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 ]. Although in our meta-analysis, we have not seen a significant increase ( p > 0.05) in the activities of antioxidant enzymes at certain time-points (e.g., in SOD activity 72 h post exercise), most laboratory studies of PBMT which examined various types of animal models, diseases, or injuries, as well as exercises, observed the modulation of PBMT on antioxidant enzymes [ 19 , 20 , 43 , 57 , 58 , 59 ]. However, the sense of modulation (increase or decrease in activity or enzyme concentration) seems to be related to several factors, such as types of protocols (injuries, diseases, exercises), parameters and/or application of PBMT, generation of reactive species, inflammatory processes, types of fibers, exercise intensity, and muscle damage, among others.…”

“…Based on our results and current literature [ 25 , 26 , 52 ], PBMT provides cytoprotective effects on skeletal muscle. This occurs through improvement in mitochondrial function by the interaction of light with cytochrome oxidase, regulation of the potential of the mitochondrial membrane, and modulation of the density and viscosity of the nanoscopic layer of interfacial water [ 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 ], all processes stimulate and enhance cell metabolism. Some authors also report that PBMT can provide higher levels of cellular respiration and ATP synthesis due to the modulation of aerobic metabolism enzymes, such as complexes I, II, III, and IV of the mitochondrial respiratory chain [ 19 , 20 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 ].…”

Light‐emitting Diode Can Enhance the Metabolism and Paracrine Action of Mesenchymal Stem Cells

“…In a 96‐well plate, 50 μL of Griess reagent (1% sulfanilamide, 0.1% N‐(1‐naphthyl) ethylenediamine dihydrochloride and 2.5% H 3 PO 4 ) were added to 50 μL of the sample (CM of the cells in the 12‐well plate) and, after 5 min of incubation in AT, the absorbance of nitrate was measured at 560 nm (30). This was followed by the addition of 50 μL per well of vanadium mixture (0.8% vanadium chloride III and 9 m m HCl), 5 min incubation in AT, and the reading of the nitrite absorbance at 560 nm.…”

Therapeutic non-invasive brain treatments in Alzheimer’s disease: recent advances and challenges

“…The anti-oxidative effect of PBM has been widely studied in the skeletal muscle after physical exercise [134][135][136]. Oxidative stress is also implicated in AD's pathogenesis and progression [37,137].…”