Post-Quantum Simulatable Extraction with Minimal Assumptions: Black-Box and Constant-Round

Abstract

From the minimal assumption of post-quantum semi-honest oblivious transfers, we build the first ε-simulatable two-party computation (2PC) against quantum polynomial-time (QPT) adversaries that is both constant-round and black-box (for both the construction and security reduction). A recent work by Chia, Chung, Liu, and Yamakawa (FOCS'21) shows that post-quantum 2PC with standard simulation-based security is impossible in constant rounds, unless either NP ⊆ BQP or relying on non-black-box simulation. The ε-simulatability we target is a relaxation of the standard simulation-based security that allows for an arbitrarily small noticeable simulation error ε. Moreover, when quantum communication is allowed, we can further weaken the assumption to post-quantum secure one-way functions (PQ-OWFs), while maintaining the constant-round and black-box property.Our techniques also yield the following set of constant-round and black-box two-party protocols secure against QPT adversaries, only assuming black-box access to PQ-OWFs:extractable commitments for which the extractor is also an ε-simulator; -ε-zero-knowledge commit-and-prove whose commit stage is extractable with ε-simulation; -ε-simulatable coin-flipping; -ε-zero-knowledge arguments of knowledge for NP for which the knowledge extractor is also an εsimulator;ε-zero-knowledge arguments for QMA.At the heart of the above results is a black-box extraction lemma showing how to efficiently extract secrets from QPT adversaries while disturbing their quantum state in a controllable manner, i.e., achieving ε-simulatability of the after-extraction state of the adversary.