Post-post-Newtonian deflection of light by the Sun

Gravitational lensing by spherically symmetric lenses with angular momentum

“…Given its angular momentum, J 1.6 × 10 48 g cm 2 s −1 (Allen 1983), the gravitomagnetic correction is ∼0.7 µarcsec (see also Epstein & Shapiro 1980). …”

“…This phenomenon, known as intrinsic gravitomagnetism, is a new feature of general relativity and other conceivable alternative metric theories of gravity and cannot be deduced by a motion on a static background (for a detailed discussion on gravitomagnetism we refer to Ciufolini & Wheeler 1995). In particular, the effect of the angular momentum of the deflector has been studied by several authors (Epstein & Shapiro 1980;Ibáñez & Martín 1982;Ibáñez 1983;Dymnikova 1986;Glicestein 1999;Sereno 2002a).…”

Analytical Kerr black hole lensing in the weak deflection limit

“…(13,14) have been already evaluated in [16]. The lens equation are usually given in terms of the apparent angular position of the image onto the plane of the sky (POS), i.e.…”

“…The null tetrad formalism of geometrical optics was used to study the optical properties of images into the field of an axisymmetric system [12]. Epstein and Shapiro [13] performed a calculation based on the post-Newtonian expansion. The motion equations for two spinning point-like particles, when the spin and the mass of one of the particles were zero, were resolved in [14,15] by expanding the Kerr metric in a power series of the gravitational constant G. Bray [16] evaluated the equations of motion for a light ray in the weak deflection limit up to and including second order corrections in m/b e a/b, where m is the black hole mass, a the angular momentum and b is the impact parameter.…”

Light bending as a probe of the nature of dark energy

“…Therefore, the DE contribution has to be compared with the S term assuming r → ∞ (up to the second order [20]):…”