Post-natal development of EEG responses to noxious stimulation in pigs (Sus scrofa) aged 1-15 days

Kells, Nikki J.; Beausoleil, NJ; Sutherland, Mhairi A.; Johnson, Craig B.

doi:10.7120/09627286.28.3.317

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Animals must be anesthetized before being subjected to EEG, but once the electrodes are in place EEG can provide an accurate reading of the brain activity irrespective of the movement of the subject. Currently, EEG has been particularly useful in measuring stress in animals [ 82 ] as well as responses to noxious stimulation [ 83 ]. Emotions in humans and non-human animals can be recognized through correlation from brain activity with the help of EEG signals [ 84 , 85 ] since EEG is also useful for emotion measurement, considering that it can be used on animals right up to the point of slaughter.…”

Section: Technologies For Measuring Animal Emotionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring Farm Animal Emotions—Sensor-Based Approaches

Neethirajan

Reimert

Kemp

2021

Sensors

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Understanding animal emotions is a key to unlocking methods for improving animal welfare. Currently there are no ‘benchmarks’ or any scientific assessments available for measuring and quantifying the emotional responses of farm animals. Using sensors to collect biometric data as a means of measuring animal emotions is a topic of growing interest in agricultural technology. Here we reviewed several aspects of the use of sensor-based approaches in monitoring animal emotions, beginning with an introduction on animal emotions. Then we reviewed some of the available technological systems for analyzing animal emotions. These systems include a variety of sensors, the algorithms used to process biometric data taken from these sensors, facial expression, and sound analysis. We conclude that a single emotional expression measurement based on either the facial feature of animals or the physiological functions cannot show accurately the farm animal’s emotional changes, and hence compound expression recognition measurement is required. We propose some novel ways to combine sensor technologies through sensor fusion into efficient systems for monitoring and measuring the animals’ compound expression of emotions. Finally, we explore future perspectives in the field, including challenges and opportunities.

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Section: Technologies For Measuring Animal Emotionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring Farm Animal Emotions—Sensor-Based Approaches

Neethirajan

Reimert

Kemp

2021

Sensors

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“…Lambs-ontological changes in responses to castration [47,56]; Pigs-ontological changes in responses to tail docking [57], the noxious effects of castration with and without nerve blockade [46], the humaneness of intraperitoneal sodium pentobarbital injection as a killing method [58], postnatal changes in responses to noxious stimulation [59];…”

Section: Cerebrocortical Involvement In the Conscious Experience Of Pmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mouth Pain in Horses: Physiological Foundations, Behavioural Indices, Welfare Implications, and a Suggested Solution

Mellor

2020

Animals

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A proposition addressed here is that, although bitted horses are viewed by many equestrians as being largely free of bit-related mouth pain, it seems likely that most behavioural signs of such pain are simply not recognised. Background information is provided on the following: the major features of pain generation and experience; cerebrocortical involvement in the conscious experience of pain by mammals; the numerous other subjective experiences mammals can have; adjunct physiological responses to pain; some general feature of behavioural responses to pain; and the neural bases of sensations generated within the mouth. Mouth pain in horses is then discussed. The areas considered exclude dental disease, but they include the stimulation of pain receptors by bits in the interdental space, the tongue, the commissures of the mouth, and the buccal mucosa. Compression, laceration, inflammation, impeded tissue blood flow, and tissue stretching are evaluated as noxious stimuli. The high pain sensitivity of the interdental space is described, as are likely increases in pain sensitivity due to repeated bit contact with bruises, cuts, tears, and/or ulcers wherever they are located in the mouth. Behavioural indices of mouth pain are then identified by contrasting the behaviours of horses when wearing bitted bridles, when changed from bitted to bit-free bridles, and when free-roaming unbitted in the wild. Observed indicative behaviours involve mouth movements, head-neck position, and facial expression (“pain face”), as well as characteristic body movements and gait. The welfare impacts of bit-related pain include the noxiousness of the pain itself as well as likely anxiety when anticipating the pain and fear whilst experiencing it, especially if the pain is severe. In addition, particular mouth behaviours impede airflow within the air passages of the upper respiratory system, effects that, in their turn, adversely affect the air passages in the lungs. Here, they increase airflow resistance and decrease alveolar gas exchange, giving rise to suffocating experiences of breathlessness. In addition, breathlessness is a likely consequence of the low jowl angles commonly maintained during dressage. If severe, as with pain, the prospect of breathlessness is likely to give rise to anxiety and the direct experience of breathlessness to fear. The related components of welfare compromise therefore likely involve pain, breathlessness, anxiety, and fear. Finally, a 12-point strategy is proposed to give greater impetus to a wider adoption of bit-free bridles in order to avoid bit-induced mouth pain.

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“…An electroencephalographic (EEG) approach was developed to evaluate pain during tail docking (Kells et al, 2017a(Kells et al, , 2019. Indeed, changes in the EEG spectra under light anaesthesia could reliably indicate pain during surgical castration in horses (Murrell et al, 2003), sheep (Johnson et al, 2005) and pigs (Haga and Ranheim, 2005).…”

Section: Evidence Of Pain During and Shortly After Tail Dockingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indeed, changes in the EEG spectra under light anaesthesia could reliably indicate pain during surgical castration in horses (Murrell et al, 2003), sheep (Johnson et al, 2005) and pigs (Haga and Ranheim, 2005). Changes in the EEG median frequency (F50) and 95% spectral edge frequency (F95), both indices of nociception, were reported in lightly anaesthetised piglets undergoing tail docking (Kells et al, 2017a(Kells et al, , 2019. When comparing pigs tail-docked at various ages and using different methods, these last authors concluded that tail docking within the first days following birth may be less painful than docking during the second or third week of postnatal life, and that tail docking using clippers may be more painful than using a cautery iron.…”

Section: Evidence Of Pain During and Shortly After Tail Dockingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, insensitivity to pain in very young animals has historically been used as an argument to carry out painful procedures at this early life stage. However, the weight of scientific evidence now shows that very young piglets, similarly to neonates from other mammalian species, are able to experience pain (EFSA, 2017) even though there may be variations with age in sensitivity to noxious stimuli (Kells et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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4. Husbandry interventions in suckling piglets, painful consequences and mitigation

Prunier

Devillers

Herskin

et al. 2020

The Suckling and Weaned Piglet

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During their first days of postnatal life, piglets reared for meat production are often subjected to numerous husbandry practices that cause injury of sensitive tissues and hence are potential sources of pain. The intensity and duration of the pain engendered depend on the nature and magnitude of tissue damage. Each of these practices is carried out for specific reasons, such as preventing boar taint (castration), reducing the risk of tail biting (tail docking), limiting lesions on siblings and the sow's teats (tooth resection), improving health (injections) or identifying animals (ear tagging or notching). This chapter will discuss the rationale and methods used, the evidence of pain during and shortly after the procedure, the long-term pain consequences, the consequences for health and human-animal relationships, the current options for pain mitigation and the pros and cons of avoiding these practices completely. Solutions are emerging to minimise the industry's dependence on these practices and, when still considered necessary, to enable selection of the least painful option and best mitigate any residual pain. A better knowledge of the affective component of the pain involved in the practices as well as the establishment of standard and validated protocols of pain evaluation are needed in order to move forward and determine the best solutions from an animal welfare perspective and feasibility by farmers.

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Post-natal development of EEG responses to noxious stimulation in pigs (Sus scrofa) aged 1-15 days

Cited by 5 publications

References 36 publications

Measuring Farm Animal Emotions—Sensor-Based Approaches

Measuring Farm Animal Emotions—Sensor-Based Approaches

Mouth Pain in Horses: Physiological Foundations, Behavioural Indices, Welfare Implications, and a Suggested Solution

4. Husbandry interventions in suckling piglets, painful consequences and mitigation

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