Post mortem parasitological evaluation of dogs seroreactive for Leishmania from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Madeira, Maria de Fátima; Schubach, Armando de Oliveira; Schubach, Tânia Maria Pacheco; Pereira, Sandro Antônio; Figueiredo, Fabiano Borges; Baptista, Cibele; Leal, Cristianni Antunes; Melo, Cíntia X.; Confort, Eliame Mouta; Marzochi, Mauro Célio de Almeida

doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.01.059

Cited by 60 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Nonetheless, it is less sensitive for the diagnosis of L. infantum infection in dogs than parasitological culture, PCR on frozen skin samples, and some serological assays (12,(14)(15)(16)(17)(18). ISH failed to detect between 25.5% and 29.4% of the parasitological-culture-positive cases in the current study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, a variety of serological, parasitological, and molecular laboratory methods have been developed to detect infection by L. infantum in dogs (10,11). Serological assays, PCR, and parasitological culture are the most sensitive methods for the diagnosis of L. infantum infection (12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18). However, these three methods do not allow visualization of the intact amastigotes within the tissue and correlation of the parasites with associated lesions, which is possible by histopathology (HP) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) (19).…”

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Sensitivity and Specificity of In Situ Hybridization for Diagnosis of Cutaneous Infection by Leishmania infantum in Dogs

et al. 2013

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An accurate diagnosis of infection by Leishmania infantum in dogs is fundamental for the control of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Histopathology (HP) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) are frequently used for the histological diagnosis of L. infantum in dogs but have shown limited accuracy. To improve the sensitivity and specificity of the histological diagnosis of VL, we evaluated automated in situ hybridization (ISH) using a generic probe for Leishmania and a specific probe for L. infantum in surgical skin biopsy specimens of dogs. The ISH results were compared with those of HP and IHC, using parasitological culture as the reference standard. Skin samples from 51 dogs with cutaneous L. infantum infection and 51 noninfected dogs were randomly selected from samples of dogs from various cities in Brazil where canine VL is endemic. These samples were processed for parasitological culture, HP, IHC, and ISH using both probes. The sensitivities of ISH using the specific probe, ISH using the generic probe, IHC, and HP were, respectively, 74.5%, 70.6%, 69.5%, and 57.6%. The specificity of both ISH probes tested was 100%, and there was no cross-hybridization of the generic and specific probes with selected pathogenic fungi and protozoa. The specific probe discriminated L. infantum from the other species of Leishmania that infect dogs in the New World. ISH is highly sensitive and specific for the diagnosis of L. infantum in histologic samples of skin from infected dogs and can be used on routine biopsy material to make a diagnosis of leishmaniasis.

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Sensitivity and Specificity of In Situ Hybridization for Diagnosis of Cutaneous Infection by Leishmania infantum in Dogs

et al. 2013

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“…There are data indicating that concomitant natural infection with L. donovani and L. major has occurred in humans with CL and VL (2,15). Mixed infections have also been observed in sand flies and dogs (8,10). Antoniou et al indicated that the VL form may occur because of mixed infection with different strains of L. infantum (3).…”

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Mixed Mucosal Leishmaniasis Infection Caused by Leishmania tropica and Leishmania major

et al. 2012

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cMixed infections with different Leishmania species could explain differences in the clinical courses of these infections. On identification of Leishmania parasites from Iranian patients with mucosal leishmaniasis (ML), a patient with both oral and nasal lesions was found to be concomitantly infected with Leishmania tropica and L. major. Mixed infection was identified by PCR amplification of Leishmania kinetoplast DNA on scraping of cytological smears and histopathological sections. L. major and L. tropica were isolated from the nasal and oral lesions, respectively. These species were also confirmed by immunohistochemistry. This seems to be the first reported case of concurrent ML infection with two Leishmania species. It indicates that, at least in this patient, previous infection with one of these Leishmania species did not protect against infection with the other. This result has important implications for the development of vaccines against leishmaniases and implies careful attention in the treatment of this infectious disease. CASE REPORTA 34-year-old immunocompetent male patient presented with lesions of the mucous membranes of the nose and mouth. The patient was from Fars Province, southern Iran. He presented with a 7-and 5-month history of intranasal and oral lesions, respectively. No scar or other lesion was found in other parts of the body. On examination, there were multiple tiny erythematous lesions, varying in size from 0.1 to 0.3 cm in diameter. The nasal pyramid was edematous, and bloody crusts were observed on the inferior conchae, septum, and floor of the nasal fossa. The nasal lesions were located in the intranasal portion in the mucous membrane over the turbinates, far from the cutaneous lesions. Clinically, diffuse yellowish white erosions with grayish fibrinous membranes were seen on a reddish edematous background on the involved oral mucosa (Fig. 1).His blood biochemistry and complete blood count were within the reference range. His hemoglobin level was 13.6 g/dl, his total leukocyte count was 6,600/mm 3 , his serum creatinine level was 0.8 mg/dl, and his blood urea nitrogen level was 18 mg/dl. Serological studies for human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B and C viruses were negative.Tissue samples from the lesions were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin, embedded in paraffin, sectioned at a 5-m thickness, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin.Cytologic smears were prepared by scraping of the oral lesions with a scalpel. In addition, exfoliative cytology from the nasal lesions was performed by washing the nasal cavity as previously noted (7). Multiple smears were made on slides and were both air dried and alcohol fixed and then stained by the Wright method. Review of the cytologic smears and histologic sections was conducted blindly by three pathologists. Microscopic examination showed the amastigote forms of Leishmania ( Fig. 2A and B).The antibodies IS2-2B4 (A11; specific for L. tropica) and XLVI-5B8-B3 (T1; specific for L. major) were kindly provided by the Special Programme f...

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“…Είναι γνωστό ότι όλοι σχεδόν οι συμπτωματικοί σκύλοι είναι θετικοί στην ο ρολογική εξέταση, ανεξάρτητα από τη μέθοδο που ε φαρμόζεται, και κατά συνέπεια η ευαισθησία τους για τη διάγνωση της ΛΣ είναι αρκετά ικανοποιητική (Koutinas et al 1999, Saridomichelakis et al 2005b, da Costa-Val et al 2007, Dos-Santos et al 2008. Επιπλέον, στην Ελλάδα δεν έχουν βρεθεί μέχρι σήμερα στο σκΰλο λοιμώξεις από τα άλλα είδη Leishmania spp, εκτός της L. infantum, οΰτε από το Trypanosoma spp., που λόγω αντιγονικής ομοιότητας μπορεί να οδηγήσουν σε ψευδώς θετικά ορολογικά α ποτελέσματα (Vercammen et al 1997, Barbosa-DeDeus et al 2002, de Fatima Madeira et al 2006, Ferreira Ede et al 2007). Για τους παραπάνω λόγους, αυτό που τελικά θα καθορίσει την ευαισθησία και την ειδικότητα των ορολογικών εξετάσεων που γίνονται στην πράξη είναι η αξιοπιστία του εργαστηρίου ή του κατασκευαστή του kit ταχείας ορολογικής εξέτασης και η συγκέντρωση των αντισωμάτων στο αίμα για να είναι θετικό το αποτέλεσμα της εξέτασης.…”

Section: συζητησηunclassified

Questionnaire-based survey on canine leishmaniosis (Leishmania infantum) in Greece

Saridomichelakis

Koutinas

Bourdeau

2017

J Hellenic Vet Med Soc

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On November 2006, a total of 1,144 questionnaires related to various aspects of canine leishmaniosis (CanL) were mailed to Greek companion animal practitioners. The overall return rate was 17.6% (201/1,144) and did not differ among the nine geographical areas of the country where their practices were located. The global minimum, average and maximum frequency of CanL diagnosis, on a year-round basis, were 0.98%, 3.30% and 7.46%, respectively; these figures were lower in Crete, followed by Aegian islands and then by Macedonia, compared to Péloponnèse, Central Greece (including Evoia) and Thessaly. Most of the veterinarians (70.4%) were practicing in endemic areas of the disease with the number of new cases and cases under treatment reported to remain stable over the past years. The most common clinical manifestations of CanL reported were the progressive loss of body weight, peripheral lymphadenomegaly, anemia and exoliative dermatitis with or without alopecia; concurrent diseases, especially ehrlichiosis and dirofilariosis, were also commonly witnessed. The abnormal results of non-specific laboratory examinations, such as haematology, serum biochemistry and urinalysis raised the suspicion of CanL that was subsequently confirmed mainly with serology (in-office rapid screening tests, indirect immunofluorescence, ELISA) and less often with lymph node smear microscopy and PCR. Allopurinol and pentavalent antimonials, usually in combination, and less frequently metronidazole, ketoconazole, amphotericin B, fluoroquinolones or aminosidine were employed as antileishmanial medication in the cases undergone treatment. Pentavalent antimonials were associated with a higher frequency of side effects, followed by amphotericin B, whereas allopurinol was better tolerated. Side effects necessitating the discontinuation of treatment were accounted in approximately 14% of the treated dogs. The discontinuation of treatment was mainly based on serology, although additionalcriteria, such as the clinical improvement or cure, and the normalization of routine laboratory results, were also taken into account. The majority of practitioners repeated the treatment in the advent of a clinical relapse of their cases. Euthanasia was initially suggested by a few veterinarians, but eventually it was necessary in approximately 10% of the treated dogs. The widespread use of insecticides and/or insect repellents, with or without taking additional preventative measures, such as keeping the dog indoors during the night and applying a fine mesh on the screens, was also recorded. Finally, almost all the practitioners made dog owners aware of the public health issues associated with CanL; however, in most of the cases such information did not deter the owners from accepting treatment of their dogs.

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Post mortem parasitological evaluation of dogs seroreactive for Leishmania from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Cited by 60 publications

References 19 publications

Sensitivity and Specificity of In Situ Hybridization for Diagnosis of Cutaneous Infection by Leishmania infantum in Dogs

Sensitivity and Specificity of In Situ Hybridization for Diagnosis of Cutaneous Infection by Leishmania infantum in Dogs

Mixed Mucosal Leishmaniasis Infection Caused by Leishmania tropica and Leishmania major

Questionnaire-based survey on canine leishmaniosis (Leishmania infantum) in Greece

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