Post marketing new adverse effects of oral therapies in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review

Electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve ameliorates inflammation and disease activity in a rat EAE model of multiple sclerosis

“…From a pathophysiological perspective, astrocyte activation and CNS influx of autoreactive lymphocytes (eg, CD4 + Th1 and Th17 cells that secrete IFN-γ, IL-12, and IL-17) and other inflammatory mediators (e.g., the plasma protein fibrinogen) across a disrupted blood–brain barrier (BBB) are associated with initiation and perpetuation of demyelination ( 2 – 11 ). Drug therapies approved for the treatment of MS have been shown to inhibit CNS inflammation and slow progression of disability, however, these agents neither work well for, nor are they tolerated by, every MS patient; serious adverse events can preclude or limit their use ( 1 , 12 – 14 ). There is a significant need for new treatments that are efficacious and well tolerated.…”