Abstract:Spurred by global institutions and treaties such as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and its’ bantling the World Trade Organisation (WTO), the past three decades have seen many nations of the world develop an economic interconnectedness that parallels the great free trade movement of the late Nineteenth and early Twentieth Centuries.
Free trade and the resultant economic ‘globalisation’ have had mixed results for many countries and groups within countries and has incited a complex, ina… Show more
“…1,1-Diamino-2,2-dinitroethene (DADNE or FOX-7) is one of the most promising insensitive HE crystals, with performance comparable to cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX). − FOX-7 has a relatively simple molecular structure, and its molecular and crystalline characteristics are similar to those of other known IHE crystals, including triaminotrinitrobenzene (TATB). , Thus, FOX-7 is an attractive prototype IHE crystal. Since its synthesis in 1998, considerable experimental efforts have been made to understand its crystal structures at extreme pressures and temperatures. − It was reported that the ambient structure of FOX-7, α phase (monoclinic, P 2 1 / n ), can transform to three HT (β, γ, and δ) − and two HP (α′ and ε) − phases.…”
Understanding the insensitivity/stability of insensitive high explosive crystals requires detailed structural information at high pressures and high temperatures of interest. Synchrotron single-crystal X-ray diffraction experiments were used to determine the high-pressure structures of 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethene (FOX-7), a prototypical insensitive high explosive. The phase transition around 4.5 GPa was investigated and the structures were determined at 4.27 GPa (α′ phase) and 5.9 GPa (ε phase). The α′ phase (monoclinic, P2 1 /n), structurally indistinguishable from the ambient α phase, transforms to the new ε phase (triclinic, P1). The most notable features of the ε phase, compared to those of the α′ phase, are formation of planar layers and flattening of molecules. Density functional theory (DFT-D2) calculations complemented the experimental results. The results presented here are important for understanding the molecular and crystalline attributes governing the high-pressure insensitivity/stability of insensitive high explosive crystals.
“…1,1-Diamino-2,2-dinitroethene (DADNE or FOX-7) is one of the most promising insensitive HE crystals, with performance comparable to cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX). − FOX-7 has a relatively simple molecular structure, and its molecular and crystalline characteristics are similar to those of other known IHE crystals, including triaminotrinitrobenzene (TATB). , Thus, FOX-7 is an attractive prototype IHE crystal. Since its synthesis in 1998, considerable experimental efforts have been made to understand its crystal structures at extreme pressures and temperatures. − It was reported that the ambient structure of FOX-7, α phase (monoclinic, P 2 1 / n ), can transform to three HT (β, γ, and δ) − and two HP (α′ and ε) − phases.…”
Understanding the insensitivity/stability of insensitive high explosive crystals requires detailed structural information at high pressures and high temperatures of interest. Synchrotron single-crystal X-ray diffraction experiments were used to determine the high-pressure structures of 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethene (FOX-7), a prototypical insensitive high explosive. The phase transition around 4.5 GPa was investigated and the structures were determined at 4.27 GPa (α′ phase) and 5.9 GPa (ε phase). The α′ phase (monoclinic, P2 1 /n), structurally indistinguishable from the ambient α phase, transforms to the new ε phase (triclinic, P1). The most notable features of the ε phase, compared to those of the α′ phase, are formation of planar layers and flattening of molecules. Density functional theory (DFT-D2) calculations complemented the experimental results. The results presented here are important for understanding the molecular and crystalline attributes governing the high-pressure insensitivity/stability of insensitive high explosive crystals.
“…In July 1912 and 1913, Labour agents like House and ILP movement activists serving on the executive and sharing the gala platform exchanged barely disguised insults (Mates, 2016a: 195, 207-10, 273-4). The second disunity evident after 1911 was the generational cleavage within Labour between the former Liberal House (born 1854) and the leading figures of a younger ILP generation: Jack Lawson (born 1881) and W. P. Richardson (born 1873) (Bellamy and Martin, 1974). Between them were ILP activists like Jos Batey (born 1867), still House's junior by thirteen years.…”
Section: Leaders V Led ('Rank-and-file'): the Historiographical Debatesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Indeed, there is even a hitherto unrecognised 'disunity' in terms of Lawson's own political career, between his early militancy and later moderate labourism. The main interpretations of Lawson have suggested his later politics characterised his ideology from the outset, when the reality is far more complex and interesting, revealing a complex and fully three-dimensional activist (Bellamy and Martin, 1974;Bythell, 2016).…”
Section: Leaders V Led ('Rank-and-file'): the Historiographical Debatesmentioning
Spanning a period which stretches from the 19th century to the present day, this book takes a novel look at the British labour movement by examining the interaction between trade unions, the Labour Party, other parties of the Left, and other groups such as the Co-op movement and the wider working class, to highlight the dialectic nature of these relationships, marked by consensus and dissention. It shows that, although perceived as a source of weakness, those inner conflicts have also been a source of creative tension, at times generating significant breakthroughs. This book seeks to renew and expand the field of British labour studies, setting out new avenues for research so as to widen the audience and academic interest in the field, in a context which makes the revisiting of past struggles and dilemmas more pressing than ever. The book together brings well-established labour historians and political scientists, thus establishing dialogue across disciplines, and younger colleagues who are contributing to the renewal of the field. It provides a range of case studies as well as more wide-ranging assessments of recent trends in labour organising, and will therefore be of interest to academics and students of history and politics, as well as to practitioners, in the British Isles and beyond.
“…Thermal decomposition of solid FOX-7 above 500 K produces carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), ammonia (NH 3 ), hydrogen cyanide (HCN), cyanic acid (HOCN), isocyanic acid (HNCO), formic acid (HCOOH), water (H 2 O), nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), nitrous acid (HONO), nitrous oxide (N 2 O), and dinitrogen trioxide (N 2 O 3 ). , In such cases, hydroxyl radicals (OH) and NO 2 were found to abstract hydrogen to generate H 2 O and HONO . At elevated temperatures, α-FOX-7 transitions to a β-phase above 385 K and eventually to γ- and δ-FOX-7 before thermally decomposing. ,,− ,− Recently, ε- and ζ-phases have also been synthesized that convert to a γ-phase upon heating . Although subtle changes were observed in the infrared spectrum upon cooling to cryogenic temperatures under vacuum, a distinct low-temperature phase has not been observed .…”
FOX-7 (1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene)
was photolyzed with 202
nm photons to probe reaction energies, leading to the decomposition
of this energetic material and to compare results from irradiations
using lower-energy 532 and 355 nm photons as well as higher-energy
electrons. The photolysis occurred at 5 K to suppress thermal reactions,
and the solid samples were monitored using Fourier transform infrared
spectroscopy (FTIR), which observed carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), cyanide (CN–), and cyanate
(OCN–) after irradiation. During warming to 300
K, subliming products were detected using electron-impact quadrupole
mass spectrometry (EI-QMS) and photoionization time-of-flight mass
spectrometry (PI-ReTOF-MS). Five products were observed in QMS: water
(H2O), carbon monoxide (CO), nitric oxide (NO), carbon
dioxide (CO2), and cyanogen (NCCN). The ReTOF-MS results
showed overlap with electron irradiation products but also included
three intermediates for the oxidation of ammonia and nitric oxide:
hydroxylamine (NH2OH), nitrosamine (NH2NO),
and the largest product at 76 amu with the proposed assignment of
hydroxyurea (NH2C(O)NHOH). These results highlight the
role of reactive oxygen intermediates and nitro-to-nitrite isomerization
as key early reactions that lead to a diverse array of decomposition
products.
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