Post‐Industrial Revolution changes in large‐scale atmospheric pollution of the northern hemisphere by heavy metals as documented in central Greenland snow and ice

Candelone, Jean-Pierre; Hong, Sungmin; Pellone, Christian; Boutron, Claude F.

doi:10.1029/95jd00989

Cited by 195 publications

(130 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Owing to the expected values of the trace elements in ice core samples from the Arctic, low concentration standards of some elements were prepared. An overview of the measured concentrations of heavy metals in three different time periods of the GRIP Greenland ice core [11,12] is given in Table 3. The procedure for the preparation of suitable ice standards with different element concentrations (10 ngkg -1 -100 µgkg -1 ) is shown in Fig.…”

Section: Operating Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry: a new tool for trace element analysis in ice cores

Reinhardt

Kriews

Miller

et al. 2001

Fresenius J Anal Chem

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A new method for the detection of trace elements in polar ice cores using laser ablation with subsequent inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry analysis is described. To enable direct analysis of frozen ice samples a special laser ablation chamber was constructed. Direct analysis reduces the risk of contamination. The defined removal of material from the ice surface by means of a laser beam leads to higher spatial resolution (300-1000 µm) in comparison to investigations with molten ice samples. This is helpful for the detection of element signatures in annual layers of ice cores. The method was applied to the successful determination of traces for the elements Mg, Al, Fe, Zn, Cd, Pb, some rare-earth elements (REE) and minor constituents such as Ca and Na in ice cores. These selected elements serve as tracer elements for certain sources and their element signatures detected in polar ice cores can give hints to climate changes in the past. We report results from measurements of frozen ice samples, the achievable signal intensities, standard deviations and calibration graphs as well as the first signal progression of 208 Pb in an 8,000-year-old ice core sample from Greenland. In addition, the first picture of a crater on an ice surface burnt by an IR laser made by cryogenic scanning electron microscopy is presented.

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Section: Operating Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry: a new tool for trace element analysis in ice cores

Reinhardt

Kriews

Miller

et al. 2001

Fresenius J Anal Chem

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“…Particles of IAS arising from coal combustion are rich in both haematite and magnetite (Tishmack and Burns 2004;Winburn et al 2000;Sharonova et al 2003;Bhattacharjee et al 2013), as well as heavy metals such as lead and zinc. The former two can be recognised and their presence partially quantified by means of magnetic measurements (Oldfield, 1991;Oldfield 2012;Liu et al 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The magnetic record of inorganic fly ash deposition in lake sediments and ombrotrophic peats

et al. 2014

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Interest in identifying a geological marker signifying the starting point for the Anthropocene has prompted an exploration of the stratigraphic record of inorganic particulates generated by industrial activities. Magnetic measurements of recent lake sediments and ombrotrophic peats are here used to reconstruct the history of deposition of inorganic fly ash spheres resulting mainly from solid fuel combustion and metal smelting. The chronologies used have been based on moss-increment counting, radioisotope dating and pollen analysis. The sites come from the United Kingdom, Scandinavia and North America. In several cases where detailed chronologies of both fly ash deposition and local industry can be compared, the sequence of concentration-linked magnetic measurements appears to capture accurately the record of industrial development despite incontrovertible evidence from other peat based records for some selective dissolution of magnetic minerals. The dates at which magnetic concentration increases begin range from the 16 th century in the peat profiles around the head of Morecambe Bay, South Cumbria, in North-West England where early iron manufacture using charcoal-fuelled bloomery hearths is well documented, to the mid 20 th century at the remotest sites in Arctic Scandinavia. The lake sediment profiles used here come mainly from the United Kingdom and, in most cases, they date increases to the late 19 th century or the first decades of the 20 th century. Any attempt to use the magnetic record of fly ash deposition in lake sediments and/or peats to mark the date chosen as the onset of the Anthropocene would require careful choice of site location and archive, bearing in mind the issue of selective magnetic mineral dissolution.

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“…The influence of anthropogenic Zn is seen even in remote locations far from the major sources of Zn pollution. For example, one third of the Zn dry deposition to the ocean near Bermuda is thought to be anthropogenic (Arimoto et al, 2003), and anthropogenic Zn has been measured in ice from both Greenland (Candelone et al, 1995) and Antarctica (Planchon et al, 2002). In order to model the global cycling of Zn isotopes, we need to characterize the isotopic composition of anthropogenic Zn.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The marine biogeochemistry of zinc isotopes

John¹

2007

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Zinc (Zn) stable isotopes can record information about important oceanographic processes. This thesis presents data on Zn isotopes in anthropogenic materials, hydrothermal fluids and minerals, cultured marine phytoplankton, natural plankton, and seawater. By measuring Zn isotopes in a diverse array of marine samples, we hope to understand how Zn isotopes are fractionated in the oceans and how Zn isotopes may be used as tracers of marine biogeochemical processes. Common forms of anthropogenic Zn had 66 6Zn from +0.08 %o to +0.32 %o, a range similar to Zn ores and terrigenous materials. Larger variations were discovered in hydrothermal fluids and minerals, with hydrothermal fluids ranging in 6 66 Zn from 0.02 %o to +0.93 %o, and chimney minerals ranging from -0.09 %o to +1.17 %o. Lower-temperature vent systems had higher 86 6 6 Zn values, suggesting that precipitation of isotopically light Zn sulfides drives much of the Zn isotope fractionation in hydrothermal systems. In cultured diatoms, a relationship was discovered between Zn transport by either high-affinity or low-affinity uptake pathways, and the magnitude of Zn isotope fractionation. We established isotope effects of 86 6 Zn = -0.2 %o for high-affinity uptake and 8 66 Zn = -0.8 %o for low-affinity uptake. This work is the first to describe the molecular basis for biological fractionation of transition metals. Biological fractionation of Zn isotopes under natural conditions was investigated by measuring Zn isotopes in plankton collected in the Peru Upwelling Region and around the world. Seawater dissolved Zn isotopes also reflect the chemical and biological cycling of Zn. The 6 66 Zn of deep seawater in the North Pacific and North Atlantic is about 0.5%0, and the dissolved 8 66 Zn gets lighter in the upper water column. This is unexpected based our observations of a biological preference for uptake of light Zn isotopes, and suggests that Zn transport to deep waters may occur by Zn adsorption to sinking particles rather than as primary biological Zn. The thesis, by presenting data on several important aspects of Zn isotope cycling in the oceans, lays the groundwork for further use of Zn isotopes as a marine biogeochemical tracer.

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Post‐Industrial Revolution changes in large‐scale atmospheric pollution of the northern hemisphere by heavy metals as documented in central Greenland snow and ice

Cited by 195 publications

References 41 publications

Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry: a new tool for trace element analysis in ice cores

Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry: a new tool for trace element analysis in ice cores

The magnetic record of inorganic fly ash deposition in lake sediments and ombrotrophic peats

The marine biogeochemistry of zinc isotopes

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