Post harvest improvement of zeaxanthin content of vegetables

Clausén, Maria; Huang, Siyu; Emek, Sinan Cem; Sjöholm, Ingegerd; Åkerlund, Hans‐Erik

doi:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2009.12.025

Cited by 6 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Therefore, only by proper pretreatment directly before consumption, zeaxanthin levels could be raised in order to exploit the high potential for zeaxanthin formation in high-light-grown leaves. 21 Such a pretreatment could be, for example, illumination of leaves with a strong light source giving a PFD of 1000 μmol m −2 s −1 for 10 min while floating on ice-cold water. The amounts of βcarotene and lutein, the other carotenoid compounds relevant for human nutrition, were around 16 and 20 mg/100 g of fresh weight, respectively, at the highest irradiance (Figure S6).…”

Section: ■ Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improvement of the Quality of Wild Rocket (Diplotaxis tenuifolia) with Respect to Health-Related Compounds by Enhanced Growth Irradiance

Khoramizadeh,

Garibay-Hernández,

Mock

et al. 2024

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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For healthier human nutrition, it is desirable to provide food with a high content of nutraceuticals such as polyphenolics, vitamins, and carotenoids. We investigated to what extent high growth irradiance influences the content of phenolics, α-tocopherol and carotenoids, in wild rocket (Diplotaxis tenuifolia), which is increasingly used as a salad green. Potted plants were grown in a climate chamber with a 16 h day length at photosynthetic photon flux densities varying from 20 to 1250 μmol m −2 s −1 . Measurements of the maximal quantum yield of photosystem II, F V /F M , and of the epoxidation state of the violaxanthin cycle (Vcycle) showed that the plants did not suffer from excessive light for photosynthesis. Contents of carotenoids belonging to the Vcycle, α-tocopherol and several quercetin derivatives, increased nearly linearly with irradiance. Nonintrusive measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence induced by UV-A and blue light relative to that induced by red light, indicating flavonoid and carotenoid content, allowed not only a semiquantitative measurement of both compounds but also allowed to follow their dynamic changes during reciprocal transfers between low and high growth irradiance. The results show that growth irradiance has a strong influence on the content of three different types of compounds with antioxidative properties and that it is possible to determine the contents of flavonoids and specific carotenoids in intact leaves using chlorophyll fluorescence. The results may be used for breeding to enhance healthy compounds in wild rocket leaves and to monitor their content for selection of appropriate genotypes.

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Section: ■ Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improvement of the Quality of Wild Rocket (Diplotaxis tenuifolia) with Respect to Health-Related Compounds by Enhanced Growth Irradiance

Khoramizadeh,

Garibay-Hernández,

Mock

et al. 2024

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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“…Upon illumination of leaves, photosynthesis starts to produce oxygen and makes the lumen more oxidising, which would allow disulphides to be formed. However, artificial acidification of whole leaves without illumination induces conversion of violaxanthin to zeaxanthin (Clausén et al 2010 ). Thus, VDE can be active in the leaves in the dark and the disulphides should therefore be present also in the dark.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The solvent of the supernatant was evaporated with a vacuum concentrator (Christ, RVC 2-18), to be replaced with ethyl acetate (100 %) and centrifuged to remove insoluble material, followed by another solvent exchange to methanol (100 %). The concentrations of violaxanthin, antheraxanthin and zeaxanthin were quantified by reversed-phase HPLC (Waters 600E, 996), as described in (Clausén et al 2010 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Violaxanthin de-epoxidase disulphides and their role in activity and thermal stability

2015

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Violaxanthin de-epoxidase (VDE) catalyses the conversion of violaxanthin to zeaxanthin at the lumen side of the thylakoids during exposure to intense light. VDE consists of a cysteine-rich N-terminal domain, a lipocalin-like domain and a negatively charged C-terminal domain. That the cysteines are important for the activity of VDE is well known, but in what way is less understood. In this study, wild-type spinach VDE was expressed in E. coli as inclusion bodies, refolded and purified to give a highly active and homogenous preparation. The metal content (Fe, Cu, Ni, Mn, Co and Zn) was lower than 1 mol% excluding a metal-binding function of the cysteines. To investigate which of the 13 cysteines that could be important for the function of VDE, we constructed mutants where the cysteines were replaced by serines, one by one. For 12 out of 13 mutants the activity dropped by more than 99.9 %. A quantification of free cysteines showed that only the most N-terminal of these cysteines was in reduced form in the native VDE. A disulphide pattern in VDE of C9–C27, C14–C21, C33–C50, C37–C46, C65–C72 and C118–C284 was obtained after digestion of VDE with thermolysin followed by mass spectroscopy analysis of reduced versus non-reduced samples. The residual activity found for the mutants showed a variation that was consistent with the results obtained from mass spectroscopy. Reduction of the disulphides resulted in loss of a rigid structure and a decrease in thermal stability of 15 °C.

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“…This conversion is catalysed by the pH dependant violaxanthin de-epoxidase enzyme (VDE), and in darkness or at lower light, zeaxanthin is converted back again to violaxanthin in a reaction catalysed by zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP) (Jahns et al 2009). This interconversion can happen within minutes to hours of darkening (Esteban et al 2014) and is known as the xanthophyll cycle (Strzałka et al 2003;Clausén et al 2010;Esteban et al 2014). As lutein is the equivalent to zeaxanthin in the α-branch of the biosynthesis pathway, it has been reported that excess of lutein could substitute for zeaxanthin in photoprotection (Taylor et al 2005 excess of light absorbed by chloroplasts and not used in photosynthesis.…”

Section: Xanthophyll Cycle and Zeaxanthin Role In Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other functions include lipid protection against oxidative stress, an active role in radical scavenging, and regulation of fluidity and packing of membranes. The ability of zeaxanthin to lower the fluidity of thylakoid membranes has been observed in the temperature range between -35 °C to 40 °C (Strzałka et al 2003;Rosati et al 2009;Clausén et al 2010;Esteban et al 2014). (Taylor et al 2005).…”

Section: Xanthophyll Cycle and Zeaxanthin Role In Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors affecting carotenoids in zeaxanthin-biofortified sweet-corn (Zea mays L.)

Brenes¹,

Georgina²

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Post harvest improvement of zeaxanthin content of vegetables

Cited by 6 publications

References 23 publications

Improvement of the Quality of Wild Rocket (Diplotaxis tenuifolia) with Respect to Health-Related Compounds by Enhanced Growth Irradiance

Improvement of the Quality of Wild Rocket (Diplotaxis tenuifolia) with Respect to Health-Related Compounds by Enhanced Growth Irradiance

Violaxanthin de-epoxidase disulphides and their role in activity and thermal stability

Factors affecting carotenoids in zeaxanthin-biofortified sweet-corn (Zea mays L.)

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