Post-Frontier Forest Change Adjacent to Braulio Carrillo National Park, Costa Rica

Abstract

Effective biodiversity conservation in national parks depends to a large extent on adjacent forest cover. While deforestation and forest fragmentation as a result of colonization and agriculture have been widespread in neotropical countries over the past few decades, in some places agricultural intensification, wage labor, and rural to urban migration are becoming the most important emerging trends. Changes like this have resulted in forest recovery in other places, mostly in temperate zones, but there have been few studies of this phenomenon in the tropics. This paper presents a case study from a national park buffer zone in Costa Rica. An expansion of Braulio Carrillo National Park (BCNP) in 1986 forced the closing of a frontier that had been characterized by spontaneous colonization and widespread forest-topasture conversion. After that time, the Sarapiquí region surrounding the northern sector of BCNP underwent a dramatic social and economic transformation. Population more than doubled, new roads created easy access to a coastal port and the capital city (San José), industrial agriculture and ecotourism enterprises expanded, and population and urbanization along major highways increased. In spite of government reforestation and forest protection programs and changes in rural people's attitudes favoring forest conservation, we find that there has been only slight detectable forest recovery in satellite imagery and that forest fragmentation continued, even in remote rural areas near BCNP with stable or shrinking population. We attribute this to the consolidation of landholdings into large cattle ranches and smaller hobby ranches, driven by an inflow of capital from urban areas and 408 Schelhas and Sánchez-Azofeifa developed countries. This pattern has important implications for the management of this and other national park buffer zones. We suggest that strategies focused only on sustainable land use inside buffer zones are unlikely to succeed when carried out in a context of certain macro-level changes. Conservation of endangered biological resources will only be possible if we broaden our thinking about national parks and adjacent lands in the tropics to address new land ownership and use patterns that are occurring as a result of globalization, urbanization, and expanding wage labor employment.KEY WORDS: land use and land cover change; forest transition; national park buffer zones; sustainable development; Costa Rica.

The agroecological matrix as alternative to the land-sparing/agriculture intensification model

“…Other studies reflect similar complexity: (i) In the Sarapiqui region of Costa Rica (22), in spite of all of the conditions appropriate for the FT model (agricultural intensification, a national shift to an industrial and service economy that attracts people from rural to urban areas) in addition to changes in attitude of landowners in favor of forests (in part due to an increase in ecotourism), forest recovery has been prevented and forest fragmentation has continued due to the concentration of land into absentee-owned cattle ranches, producing what has been called "hollow frontiers" (22)(23)(24). (ii) In El Salvador, through analysis of satellite images, it was found that local rural population density was uncorrelated with forest recovery, whereas remittances from family members living abroad correlated positively with forest recovery (25).…”

Mapping Species Composition of Forests and Tree Plantations in Northeastern Costa Rica with an Integration of Hyperspectral and Multitemporal Landsat Imagery

“…Government payments to establish tree plantations during the 1980s led to a large pulse of reforestation [9,[25][26][27][28][29][30], and the recent 1996 Forestry Law (no. 7575) further encouraged tree plantation establishment through payments for environmental services (PES) [31][32][33][34][35].…”

Faire progresser la REDD: Enjeux, options et répercussions

“…Cela implique de stratifier la forêt en fonction des risques de dégradation, sur la base de tendances précédentes et de variables d'approximation comme l'accessibilité (par ex., densité des routes, distance par rapport aux établissements humains) (Schelhas et Sanchez-Azofeifa 2006). Les paramètres dans les modèles diffèreront en fonction des différents types de dégradation (par ex., abattage sélectif, collecte de bois de chauffage) (Iskandar et al 2006).…”