Post-exercise Ingestion of Carbohydrate, Protein and Water: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis for Effects on Subsequent Athletic Performance

McCartney, Danielle; Desbrow, Ben; Irwin, Christopher

doi:10.1007/s40279-017-0800-5

Cited by 30 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…Attempts have been made to modulate exercise-induced gastrointestinal permeability with nutritional countermeasures. These include carbohydrates which as well as improving exercise performance (Pöchmüller et al, 2016), immune function (Bermon et al, 2017) and recovery (McCartney et al, 2018) may have a beneficial effect on GI barrier integrity (Gentilcore et al, 2009;David et al, 2014;Edinburgh et al, 2018), although this effect has not been reproducible (Moncada-Jiménez et al, 2009;Sessions et al, 2016;Costa et al, 2017a;Trommelen et al, 2017). Glutamine, an energy substrate of GI enterocytes (Kim and Kim, 2017) is thought to be protective if consumed in higher doses prior to exercise (Zuhl et al, 2014(Zuhl et al, , 2015Pugh et al, 2017).…”

Section: Practices and Pitfalls In Generating And Sustaining Heat Adamentioning

confidence: 99%

Heat Adaptation in Military Personnel: Mitigating Risk, Maximizing Performance

2019

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The study of heat adaptation in military personnel offers generalizable insights into a variety of sporting, recreational and occupational populations. Conversely, certain characteristics of military employment have few parallels in civilian life, such as the imperative to achieve mission objectives during deployed operations, the opportunity to undergo training and selection for elite units or the requirement to fulfill essential duties under prolonged thermal stress. In such settings, achieving peak individual performance can be critical to organizational success. Short-notice deployment to a hot operational or training environment, exposure to high intensity exercise and undertaking ceremonial duties during extreme weather may challenge the ability to protect personnel from excessive thermal strain, especially where heat adaptation is incomplete. Graded and progressive acclimatization can reduce morbidity substantially and impact on mortality rates, yet individual variation in adaptation has the potential to undermine empirical approaches. Incapacity under heat stress can present the military with medical, occupational and logistic challenges requiring dynamic risk stratification during initial and subsequent heat stress. Using data from large studies of military personnel observing traditional and more contemporary acclimatization practices, this review article (1) characterizes the physical challenges that military training and deployed operations present (2) considers how heat adaptation has been used to augment military performance under thermal stress and (3) identifies potential solutions to optimize the risk-performance paradigm, including those with broader relevance to other populations exposed to heat stress.

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Section: Practices and Pitfalls In Generating And Sustaining Heat Adamentioning

confidence: 99%

Heat Adaptation in Military Personnel: Mitigating Risk, Maximizing Performance

2019

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“…Previous studies demonstrating that the consumption of CHO-containing beverages in the post-exercise period enhances subsequent endurance performance typically deny participants access to food; meaning that the control condition often receives no CHO[6]. While participants in the current study ingested significantly more CHO during the recovery period with Sports Drink, they still consumed some CHO on the Water trial.…”

mentioning

confidence: 58%

“…These recommendations exist as dehydration [3] and low CHO availability [4] can impair endurance performance. Given their ability to deliver both fluid and nutrients, beverages may assist athletes to rehydrate and refuel simultaneously after exercise [5,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…milk/milk-based formulations) are more effective rehydration agents than beverages with "simple" nutritional profiles (e.g. water and CHOelectrolyte sports beverages) [7][8][9][10]; and that (2) the consumption of CHO-containing beverages in the postexercise period improves muscle glycogen resynthesis [11] and subsequent endurance performance [6,12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effect of different post-exercise beverages with food on ad libitum fluid recovery, nutrient provision, and subsequent athletic performance

McCartney

Irwin

Cox

et al. 2019

Physiology & Behavior

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This study investigated the effect of consuming either water or a carbohydrate (CHO)-electrolyte sports beverage ('Sports Drink') ad libitum with food during a 4 h post-exercise recovery period on fluid restoration, nutrient provision and subsequent endurance cycling performance. On two occasions, 16 endurance-trained cyclists; 8 male [M] (age: 31±9 y; VO2max: 54±6 mL•kg-1 •min-1) and 8 female [F] (age: 33±8 y; VO2max: 50±7 mL•kg-1 •min-1); lost 2.3±0.3% and 1.6±0.3% of their body mass (BM), respectively during 1 h of fixed-intensity cycling. Participants then had ad libitum access to either Water or Sports Drink and food for the first 195 min of a 4 h recovery period. At the conclusion of the recovery period, participants completed a cycling performance test consisting of a 45 min fixed-intensity pre-load and an incremental test to volitional exhaustion (peak power output, PPO). Beverage intake; total water/nutrient intake; and indicators of fluid recovery (BM, urine output, plasma osmolality [POSM]) were assessed periodically throughout trials. Participants returned to a similar state of net positive fluid balance prior to recommencing exercise, regardless of the beverage provided (Water: +0.4±0.5 L; Sports Drink: +0.3±0.3 L, p=0.529). While Sports Drink increased post-exercise energy (M: +1.8±1.0 MJ; F: +1.3±0.5 MJ) and CHO (M: +114±31 g; F: +84±25 g) intake (i.e. total from food and beverage) (p's<0.001), this did not improve subsequent endurance cycling performance (Water: 337±40 W [M] and 252±50 W [F]; Sports Drink: 340±40 W [M] and 258±47 W [F], p=0.242). Recovery beverage recommendations should consider the post-exercise environment (i.e. the availability of food), an individual's tolerance for food and fluid pre-/post-exercise, the immediate requirements for refueling (i.e. CHO demands of the activity) and the athlete's overall dietary goals.

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“…The ingestion of CHO pre-, during and post-exercise in athletic populations, is widely recommended to improve exercise performance [208], accelerate recovery [209] and maintain immune function [210]. In comparison, the influence of CHO on GI barrier integrity has received less attention, despite being associated with the onset of GI complaints [211] and increased splanchnic perfusion [212].…”

Section: Carbohydratementioning

confidence: 99%

The Gastrointestinal Exertional Heat Stroke Paradigm: Pathophysiology, Assessment, Severity, Aetiology and Nutritional Countermeasures

Ogden

Child

Fallowfield³

et al. 2020

Nutrients

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Exertional heat stroke (EHS) is a life-threatening medical condition involving thermoregulatory failure and is the most severe condition along a continuum of heat-related illnesses. Current EHS policy guidance principally advocates a thermoregulatory management approach, despite growing recognition that gastrointestinal (GI) microbial translocation contributes to disease pathophysiology. Contemporary research has focused to understand the relevance of GI barrier integrity and strategies to maintain it during periods of exertional-heat stress. GI barrier integrity can be assessed non-invasively using a variety of in vivo techniques, including active inert mixed-weight molecular probe recovery tests and passive biomarkers indicative of GI structural integrity loss or microbial translocation. Strenuous exercise is strongly characterised to disrupt GI barrier integrity, and aspects of this response correlate with the corresponding magnitude of thermal strain. The aetiology of GI barrier integrity loss following exertional-heat stress is poorly understood, though may directly relate to localised hyperthermia, splanchnic hypoperfusion-mediated ischemic injury, and neuroendocrine-immune alterations. Nutritional countermeasures to maintain GI barrier integrity following exertional-heat stress provide a promising approach to mitigate EHS. The focus of this review is to evaluate: (1) the GI paradigm of exertional heat stroke; (2) techniques to assess GI barrier integrity; (3) typical GI barrier integrity responses to exertional-heat stress; (4) the aetiology of GI barrier integrity loss following exertional-heat stress; and (5) nutritional countermeasures to maintain GI barrier integrity in response to exertional-heat stress.

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Post-exercise Ingestion of Carbohydrate, Protein and Water: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis for Effects on Subsequent Athletic Performance

Abstract: Athletes with limited time for recovery between consecutive exercise sessions should prioritise CHO and fluid ingestion to enhance subsequent athletic performance. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42016046807.

Cited by 30 publications

References 71 publications

Heat Adaptation in Military Personnel: Mitigating Risk, Maximizing Performance

Heat Adaptation in Military Personnel: Mitigating Risk, Maximizing Performance

The effect of different post-exercise beverages with food on ad libitum fluid recovery, nutrient provision, and subsequent athletic performance

The Gastrointestinal Exertional Heat Stroke Paradigm: Pathophysiology, Assessment, Severity, Aetiology and Nutritional Countermeasures

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