http://www.eje.cz fusion-torsion process, spermiogenesis of developmentally advanced spermatids is initiated, leading to the appearance of mature spermatozoa bundles that increase in number with the progression of metamorphosis (Chaudhury & Raun, 1966; Nowock, 1972, 1973; Jones et al., 1984; Corsato-Alvarenga et al., 1987). The population of primary germ cells usually decreases as the germarium in each TF degenerates or at least decreases and is less active (Sonoli & Hooli, 1992; Witalis & Godula, 1993). In insects, the germ cells derived from single primary spermatogonia remain interconnected after division and are enveloped in somatic cells (known as cyst cells), thus forming a structure consisting of cysts that ultimately form elongated bundles of spermatozoa (