Post-Disaster Communications: Enabling Technologies, Architectures, and Open Challenges

Abstract

The number of disasters has increased over the past decade where these calamities significantly affect the functionality of communication networks. In the context of 6G, airborne and spaceborne networks offer hope in disaster recovery to serve the underserved and to be resilient in calamities. Therefore, our paper reviews the state-of-the-art literature on post-disaster wireless communication networks and provides insights for the future establishment of such networks. In particular, we first give an overview of the works investigating the general procedures and strategies for facing any large-scale disaster. Then, we present technological solutions for post-disaster communications, such as the recovery of the terrestrial infrastructure, installing aerial networks, and using spaceborne networks. Afterwards, we shed light on the technological aspects of post-disaster networks, primarily the physical and networking issues. We present the literature on channel modeling, coverage and capacity, radio resource management, localization, and energy efficiency in the physical layer part, and discuss the integrated space-air-ground architectures, routing, delay-tolerant/software-defined networks, and edge computing in the networking layer part. This paper also includes interesting simulation results which can provide practical guidelines about the deployment of ad hoc network architectures in emergency scenarios. Finally, we present several promising research directions, namely backhauling, cache-enabled and intelligent reflective surface-enabled networks, placement optimization of aerial base stations (ABSs), and the mobility-related aspects that come into play when deploying aerial networks, such as planning their trajectories and the consequent handovers (HOs).

Stochastic-Geometry-Based Analysis of Multipurpose UAVs for Package and Data Delivery

“…A survey of UAV communication networks was provided in [25] which discussed some important issues that need to be resolved in future research areas. UAVs-assisted network in disaster areas was analyzed in [26]. Authors in [27] use drones to assist an IoT network.…”

Communication and Control in Collaborative UAVs: Recent Advances and Future Trends

“…X-ray technology can also create models of areas hidden behind walls or other barriers to give workers more important information to monitor dangerous structures that could harm workers or the general public. Moreover, collaborative UAVs can help in the recovery of the network in case of disasters [183] and can also improve coverage for underserved regions, such as maritime networks [184].…”

UAV-Aided Post-Disaster Cellular Networks: A Novel Stochastic Geometry Approach

“…Indeed, the quality of telecommunications usually decreases after the occurrence of a disaster. Perturbations to the networking equipment can often lead to continuous reconfiguration of the routing tables, a larger ratio of packet losses, disturbances to radio frequency (RF) signals, and many other issues [2], [3]. Consequently, ABSs consisting of UAVs equipped with cellular transceivers are gaining more and more attention as an alternative solution for supporting TBSs in post-disaster scenarios [3], [4].…”

“…Perturbations to the networking equipment can often lead to continuous reconfiguration of the routing tables, a larger ratio of packet losses, disturbances to radio frequency (RF) signals, and many other issues [2], [3]. Consequently, ABSs consisting of UAVs equipped with cellular transceivers are gaining more and more attention as an alternative solution for supporting TBSs in post-disaster scenarios [3], [4]. The latter, in fact, are generally susceptible to earthquakes, tornadoes, explosions, and many other serious perturbations.…”