Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) in Pediatrics: Factors That Impact Symptom Severity and Referral to Treatment

Abstract

The post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) is a complex condition. While there are emerging studies on its effects in adults, there is scarce research regarding the long-term effects of COVID-19 infection among youth. Several researchers have likened long-haul COVID-19 to chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) and postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS). In adults, the prognosis for these diagnoses is less promising than that in youth; however, there is currently very little information available on the presentation of youth with PASC. A better understanding of the specific symptom presentation for youth diagnosed with PASC is necessary. Retrospective chart reviews were conducted collecting demographic data, COVID-19 symptoms and disease progression, and vaccination status. Additional data on referrals to a PASC treatment program and appointments attended were collected. Overall, data suggested that youth present with less severe PASC symptoms than adults, and the role of vaccination is unclear. These youth are often not referred to treatment programs. More exploration is necessary to continue to build an understanding of how best to aid youth diagnosed with PASC.

Potential Predictors of Long COVID in Italian Children: A Cross-Sectional Survey

“…LCS diagnosis has become increasingly difficult as it is characterized by several symptoms, ranging from malaise, fatigue, and muscular fatigue to autonomic dysfunction [8]. Therefore, the most frequent symptoms of LCS mimic chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis and dysautonomia, implying a decrease in daily function and quality of life [9].…”

“…Recently, the risk factors associated with the development of LCS were investigated. Studies on adults identified female sex, severity of initial respiratory disease or overall acute COVID-19 infection, and length of hospitalization for COVID-19 infection as risk factors for CSF [9]. A patient's diet, alcohol use, smoking behaviors, amount of exercise prior to acute COVID-19 infection, and prior sleep patterns may also contribute to the development of LCS [13].…”

“…However, vaccination status and other social factors of health (such as socioeconomic status, access to healthcare, and transportation, etc.) may also play roles [9].…”