Post Activation Potentiation and Concentric Contraction Performance: Effects on Rate of Torque Development, Neuromuscular Efficiency, and Tensile Properties

Gago, Paulo; Zoellner, Anja; Cezar, J. C.; Ekblom, Maria

doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000002427

Cited by 7 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Therefore, it seems that muscle stiffness and muscle tone changes (assessed through myotonometry) are primarily related to the recovery mechanisms rather than to the mechanisms eliciting the PAPE effect. This can also be partially confirmed by the results of the studies by Gago et al (18,19), in which no changes in Achilles stiffness were recorded despite an increase in twitch force. Nevertheless, it may be indirectly helpful for verifying the effectiveness of the CA used to elicit the PAPE effect.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

Acute Effects of Isometric Conditioning Activity on the Viscoelastic Properties of Muscles and Sprint and Jumping Performance in Handball Players

Krzysztofik

Spieszny

Trybulski

et al. 2023

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

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Krzysztofik, M, Spieszny, M, Trybulski, R, Wilk, M, Pisz, A, Kolinger, D, Filip-Stachnik, A, and Stastny, P. Acute effects of isometric conditioning activity on the viscoelastic properties of muscles and sprint and jumping performance in handball players. J Strength Cond Res 37(7): 1486–1494, 2023—The effects of conditioning activity (CA) on muscle stiffness are currently unknown, suggesting that maximum CA effort can increase or decrease the stiffness of involved muscle groups. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of maximal isometric half-squats on the viscoelastic properties of muscles and postactivation performance enhancement (PAPE) in sprints and jumps. Twelve handball players underwent a standard warm-up and baseline assessment of muscle stiffness and tone of vastus lateralis and gastrocnemius medialis muscle, followed by 20-m sprint with intermediate measures at 5 and 10 m and countermovement jump. The PAPE was assessed by repeating the tests (at 4th, 8th, and 12th minute post-CA) after a CA protocol consisting of 3 sets of 3-second maximal isometric half-squats (EXP) or a control condition (CTRL) without any CA. The vastus lateralis stiffness in the 4th and 12th minute and muscle tone in the 4th minute post-CA significantly decreased compared with baseline (p = 0.041, ES = 0.57; p = 0.013, ES = 0.52; p = 0.004, ES = 0.81, respectively) in the EXP condition. The 20-m sprint time significantly decreased at all post-CA time points compared with the baseline for the EXP condition (p < 0.033) and the after values in the CTRL condition (p < 0.036). In comparison to baseline, the 10-m sprint time decreased in the eighth minute post-CA (p = 0.021; ES = 0.82) in the EXP condition. Moreover, it was significantly lower at the 8th and 12th minute post-CA (p = 0.038; ES = 0.71 and p = 0.005; ES = 1.26) compared with that time points in the CTRL condition. The maximal isometric half-squats effectively improved sprint performance and significantly decreased vastus lateralis tone and stiffness. These findings offer new insights into the assessment of viscoelastic properties for evaluating the fatigue or potentiation state, which requires further investigation.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

Acute Effects of Isometric Conditioning Activity on the Viscoelastic Properties of Muscles and Sprint and Jumping Performance in Handball Players

Krzysztofik

Spieszny

Trybulski

et al. 2023

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

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“…Another mechanism that could potentially affect the PAPE effect includes changes in muscle-tendon stiffness triggered by the CA (3). Recent studies indicate that the increase in stiffness after exercise is associated with fatigue (36) and impaired performance (40,44) or as in the studies by Gago et al (10,11) in which no changes in Achilles' stiffness were recorded despite an increase in twitch force. In part, this may be confirmed by the results of the current study because each CA led to a jump height enhancement with a slight decrease in stiffness.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Acute Effects of Varied Back Squat Activation Protocols on Muscle-Tendon Stiffness and Jumping Performance

Krzysztofik

Wilk

Pisz

et al. 2023

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

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Krzysztofik, M, Wilk, M, Pisz, A, Kolinger, D, Tsoukos, A, Zając, A, Stastny, P, and Bogdanis, GC. Acute effects of varied back squat activation protocols on muscle-tendon stiffness and jumping performance. J Strength Cond Res 37(7): 1419–1427, 2023—Intensity, movement velocity, and volume are the principal factors to successfully use postactivation performance enhancement. Therefore, 15 resistance-trained volleyball players completed 3 different back squat configurations as a conditioning activity (CA) in randomized order: (a) 3 sets of 3 repetitions at 85% 1RM (HL); (b) a single set of back squats at 60% 1RM until 10% mean velocity loss (VB); (c) and 2 sets of back squats at 60% 1RM until 10% mean velocity loss (2VB) on subsequent countermovement jump performance, Achilles tendon, and vastus lateralis stiffness with concomitant front thigh skin surface temperature assessment. The measurements were performed 5 minutes before the CA and at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 minutes. The jump height was significantly increased in the second minute and at peak, post-CA compared with baseline for all conditions (p = 0.049; ES = 0.23 and p < 0.001; ES = 0.37). Skin surface temperature was significantly increased for all post-CA time points compared with baseline in the 2VB condition (p from <0.001–0.023; ES = 0.39–1.04) and in the fourth minute and at peak post-CA in HL condition (p = 0.023; ES = 0.69 and p = 0.04; ES = 0.46), whereas for the VB condition, a significant decrease in peak post-CA was found (p = 0.004; ES = −0.54). Achilles tendon stiffness was significantly decreased for second, fourth, eighth, 10th, and peak post-CA in comparison to baseline for all conditions (p from p = 0.004–0.038; ES = −0.47 to −0.69). Vastus lateralis stiffness was significantly decreased for peak post-CA compared with baseline for all conditions (p = 0.017; ES = −0.42). We recommend using a single set of barbell squats with a 10% velocity loss as a mechanism of fatigue control to acutely improve jump height performance and avoid unnecessary increases in training volume.

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“…Several studies provide evidence of other musculoskeletal modifications that may contribute to the manifestation of the PAP and PAPE effect in both distance runners and healthy subjects, such as changes in pennation angle and muscle-tendon stiffness. However, further research is needed to confirm these findings 19,20,[26][27][28][29] .…”

Section: Physiological Mechanisms Underlying Papmentioning

confidence: 97%

The effects of multiple factors on post-activation potentiation and performance enhancement: a narrative review

Formiglio,

Patti,

Fernández-Peña

et al. 2024

Acta kinesiol.

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Purpose: The aim of this review was to examine the effects of various factors, including recovery time, conditioning activity, range of motion, gender, age, fiber type percentage, training experience, and supplement intake, on post-activation potentiation (PAP) and post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE). After clarifying the differences between these two potentiation strategies, the review examines the physiological mechanisms underlying these processes and their relationship with the aforementioned factors. Methods: A literature search was conducted in multiple databases, using as keywords those factors, PAP and PAPE. Results: PAP/PAPE appears to benefit athletes, adults, and individuals with a higher percentage of fast-twitch fibers more. To increase performance, it is recommended to use an intensity greater than 80% of one repetition maximum and high volumes. For trained subjects, a recovery time of 3 to 10 minutes is beneficial, while its effectiveness for untrained subjects is still unclear. Potentiation is greater when the primer exercise has a wide range of motion and is similar to the verification test. Additionally, supplementation with caffeine or creatine also contributes to the magnitude of potentiation. Finally, although there is evidence suggesting a net potentiation, the balance between fatigue and potentiation remains complex and unclear. Conclusions: Each factor that interacts with PAP and PAPE should be evaluated individually to ensure the most appropriate conditioning activity for the athlete.

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Post Activation Potentiation and Concentric Contraction Performance: Effects on Rate of Torque Development, Neuromuscular Efficiency, and Tensile Properties

Cited by 7 publications

References 29 publications

Acute Effects of Isometric Conditioning Activity on the Viscoelastic Properties of Muscles and Sprint and Jumping Performance in Handball Players

Acute Effects of Isometric Conditioning Activity on the Viscoelastic Properties of Muscles and Sprint and Jumping Performance in Handball Players

Acute Effects of Varied Back Squat Activation Protocols on Muscle-Tendon Stiffness and Jumping Performance

The effects of multiple factors on post-activation potentiation and performance enhancement: a narrative review

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