“…This debate on international climate cooperation tends to frame it as a question of "top down" versus "bottom-up" approaches (Andresen, 2015;Green, Sterner, & Wagner, 2014;Hare, Stockwell, Flachsland, & Oberthür, 2010;Michaelowa, 2015;Rayner, 2010;Stavins et al, 2014). It is generally accepted that a "top down" global agreement would be optimal in both environmental and economic senses (Gollier & Tirole, 2015;Stern, Bowen, & Whalley, 2014), but there are various reasons to do with the incentives states face that mean this cannot be achieved especially in the face of the urgency of meeting a 2 C target, prompting policymakers and economists to look more towards the bottom-up approach (Chung, 2013;Sabel & Victor, 2017). This approach could be less effective but lead to better cooperation (Keohane & Victor, 2016).…”