Possible use of vanadium redox-flow batteries for energy storage in small grids and stand-alone photovoltaic systems

Joerissen, Ludwig; Garche, J.; Fabjan, Ch.; Tomazic, Gerd

doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2003.09.066

Cited by 325 publications

(232 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Therefore, ion-selective membranes still remain one of the obstacles for the massive commercialization of RFBs because they are expensive (approaching 40 % of the total cost) [25] and limit the performance and lifetimes of RFBs. [26,27] The polymer-based system introduced a novel principle of separating the cathode and anode by sizeexclusion [28] but the only way to completely eliminate membranes in RFBs so far has been through the development of fluidodynamic engineering solutions to maintain a laminar flow minimizing the mixture of the electrolytes. [29][30][31][32] Most of these batteries exploit the laminar flow of electrolytes through parallel micro-channels and thus their real applications are limited to power small micro-devices.…”

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confidence: 99%

A Membrane‐Free Redox Flow Battery with Two Immiscible Redox Electrolytes

et al. 2017

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Flexible and scalable energy storage solutions are necessary for mitigating fluctuations of renewable energy sources. The main advantage of redox flow batteries is their ability to decouple power and energy. However, they present some limitations including poor performance, short‐lifetimes, and expensive ion‐selective membranes as well as high price, toxicity, and scarcity of vanadium compounds. We report a membrane‐free battery that relies on the immiscibility of redox electrolytes and where vanadium is replaced by organic molecules. We show that the biphasic system formed by one acidic solution and one ionic liquid, both containing quinoyl species, behaves as a reversible battery without any membrane. This proof‐of‐concept of a membrane‐free battery has an open circuit voltage of 1.4 V with a high theoretical energy density of 22.5 Wh L−1, and is able to deliver 90 % of its theoretical capacity while showing excellent long‐term performance (coulombic efficiency of 100 % and energy efficiency of 70 %).

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confidence: 99%

A Membrane‐Free Redox Flow Battery with Two Immiscible Redox Electrolytes

et al. 2017

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“…In particular, battery energy storage systems (BESSs) have been proposed [19][20][21][22][23][24], different sizes and battery technologies have been discussed and their corresponding suitability demonstrated. BESSs are able to react practically instantaneously, and, based on their flexibility in capacity and location, last longer.…”

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confidence: 99%

Battery Storage Systems as Grid-Balancing Measure in Low-Voltage Distribution Grids with Distributed Generation

et al. 2017

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Due to the promoted integration of renewable sources, a further growth of strongly transient, distributed generation is expected. Thus, the existing electrical grid may reach its physical limits. To counteract this, and to fully exploit the viable potential of renewables, grid-balancing measures are crucial. In this work, battery storage systems are embedded in a grid simulation to evaluate their potential for grid balancing. The overall setup is based on a real, low-voltage distribution grid topology, real smart meter household load profiles, and real photovoltaics load data. An autonomous optimization routine, driven by a one-way communicated incentive, determines the prospective battery operation mode. Different battery positions and incentives are compared to evaluate their impact. The configurations incorporate a baseline simulation without storage, a single, central battery storage or multiple, distributed battery storages which together have the same power and capacity. The incentives address either market conditions, grid balancing, optimal photovoltaic utilization, load shifting, or self-consumption. Simulations show that grid-balancing incentives result in lowest peak-to-average power ratios, while maintaining negligible voltage changes in comparison to a reference case. Incentives reflecting market conditions for electricity generation, such as real-time pricing, negatively influence the power quality, especially with respect to the peak-to-average power ratio. A central, feed-in-tied storage performs better in terms of minimizing the voltage drop/rise and shows lower distribution losses, while distributed storages attached at nodes with electricity generation by photovoltaics achieve lower peak-to-average power ratios.

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“…[4][5][6] With these devices, energy is stored in the form of chemical energy and electricity is generated later by reversing the chemical reaction. An intrinsic advantage of electrochemical energy storage is the direct conversion of chemical energy into electricity with few moving parts.…”

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Energy Storage in Electrochemical Cells with Molten Sb Electrodes

Javadekar

Jayakumar

Gorte

et al. 2012

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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An energy-storage concept is proposed using molten Sb as the fuel in a reversible solid-oxide electrochemical cell (SOEC). Because both Sb and Sb 2 O 3 are liquids at typical SOEC operating temperatures, it is possible to flow Sb from an external tank and use it as the fuel under fuel-cell conditions and then electrolyze Sb 2 O 3 during recharging. This concept was tested using a button cell with a Sc-stabilized zirconia electrolyte at 973 K by measuring the impedances under fuel-cell and electrolyzer conditions for a range of stirred Sb-Sb 2 O 3 compositions. The Sb-Sb 2 O 3 electrode impedances were found to be on the order of 0.15 cm 2 for both fuel-cell and electrolyzer conditions, for compositions up to 30% Sb and 70% Sb 2 O 3 . The open circuit voltages (OCV) were 0.75 V, independent of oxygen composition. Some features of using molten Sb as an energy-storage medium are discussed. Renewable energy sources, such as wind or solar energy, could help decrease our dependence on fossil fuels; but they produce intermittent power that may not be available when energy demand is highest. To take full advantage of these energy sources, as well as provide buffering for the electrical grid as a whole, the ability to store electrical energy at times when demand is low for later use when demand is high would be very desirable. Conventional ways to store energy are based primarily on compressed air or elevated water.1 With compressed air, off-peak power is used to run a compressor. At times of high demand, the compressed air can then be used to drive a turbine. In hydroelectric power plants, energy is stored by pumping water back to higher elevations. Unfortunately, both of these approaches require special geographic conditions, making them infeasible in many cases.One alternative for energy storage involves electrochemical devices, such as static Li-ion batteries, 2 metal-air batteries, 3 and flow batteries. [4][5][6] With these devices, energy is stored in the form of chemical energy and electricity is generated later by reversing the chemical reaction. An intrinsic advantage of electrochemical energy storage is the direct conversion of chemical energy into electricity with few moving parts. Among the various types of flow batteries, those based on zinc or vanadium redox cycles have received the most attention. 4,5 Reversible fuel cells are also a type of flow battery. In the conventional use of reversible fuel cells, surplus electricity would be sent to the cell to electrolyze water to produce H 2 ; electricity would be generated later by flowing the H 2 back to the cell, which would then be operated in the fuel cell mode.7 The low density of gaseous H 2 makes its storage challenging and typically requires that a significant amount of energy be used in compressing the H 2 . Several variations on the idea of reversible fuels cells have been proposed to reduce this storage problem. Because H 2 O and CO 2 can be electrolyzed with equal efficiency in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC), [8][9][10][11][12][13][14] Zhan, et al. 14...

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Possible use of vanadium redox-flow batteries for energy storage in small grids and stand-alone photovoltaic systems

Cited by 325 publications

References 20 publications

A Membrane‐Free Redox Flow Battery with Two Immiscible Redox Electrolytes

A Membrane‐Free Redox Flow Battery with Two Immiscible Redox Electrolytes

Battery Storage Systems as Grid-Balancing Measure in Low-Voltage Distribution Grids with Distributed Generation

Energy Storage in Electrochemical Cells with Molten Sb Electrodes

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