Possible Root Transmission of the Red Ring Nematode (<i>Rhadinaphelenchus cocophilus</i>) to Coconut Palms

Warwick, D. R. N.

doi:10.1094/pd-76-0809

Cited by 8 publications

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“…In every case, the plant showing symptoms was also being attacked by the weevil Rhynchophorus palmarum L. No attempt was made to treat the diseased plants, which died within 3-4 months of the observation of the early stem symptoms. Other biotic diseases that may be lethal to coconut palms in Brazil are: red ring, caused by the nematode Bursaphlelenchus cocophilus (Warwick & Bezerra, 1992); hartrot, caused by Phytomonas sp., a flagellate protozoa (Renard, 1989), and eye-rot caused by two species of Phytophthora (Quillec & Renard, 1984).In India, plants showing a similar disease were proven to be attacked by Thielaviopsis paradoxa (De Seynes) Höhn. (anamorphic Ceratocystidaceae).…”

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Outbreak of stem bleeding in coconuts caused by Thielaviopsis paradoxa in Sergipe, Brazil

Warwick

Passos

2009

Trop. plant pathol.

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In February of 2004, at "Platô de Neópolis", Sergipe, Brazil, about 50 coconut plants were found bearing symptoms of a disease not yet recorded in Brazil. The trunk of diseased plants exhibited a reddish-brown or rust��colored liquid bleeding from scars. Inside the stem, the tissues under the lesions were rotting and turned brownish-yellow to black. Diseased palms had reduced growth and three to four months after the first symptoms were noticed the affected plants died. A fungus was isolated from diseased tissues and identified as Thielaviopsis paradoxa. Healthy plants were inoculated with the fungus and lesions developed demonstrating the pathogenicity of the isolate. Keywords: Ceratocystis paradoxa, Chalara, Cocos nucifera. The coconut tree (Cocos nucifera L.) is widely grown along the Northeastern coast of Brazil as well as in other areas of Brazil. There is a large and increasing demand for immature coconuts that are harvested and marketed for consumption of their liquid endosperm (coconut water). This is mostly supplied by dwarf variety plantations and average productivity has been limited in Brazil to around 3,400 fruits/hectare because of limited rainfall levels, pests and diseases (Cuenca, 1994). Warwick et al. (2004) noted the occurrence of what appeared to be a novel coconut disease for Brazil at Platô de Neópolis (State of Sergipe). About 50 coconut plants were observed to have symptoms of stem bleeding, a disease that was previously unrecorded in Brazil. RESUMOThe affected trunk areas exhibited dark discoloration and a reddish-brown or rust��colored liquid bleeding from different points (Figure 1). Diseased palms had reduced growth and a gradual but progressive necrosis of the lower pinnate leaf toward the midribs. Inside the stem, the tissues under the lesions were rotting and became brownish-yellow to black. Eventually the affected plants died. In every case, the plant showing symptoms was also being attacked by the weevil Rhynchophorus palmarum L. No attempt was made to treat the diseased plants, which died within 3-4 months of the observation of the early stem symptoms. Other biotic diseases that may be lethal to coconut palms in Brazil are: red ring, caused by the nematode Bursaphlelenchus cocophilus (Warwick & Bezerra, 1992); hartrot, caused by Phytomonas sp., a flagellate protozoa (Renard, 1989), and eye-rot caused by two species of Phytophthora (Quillec & Renard, 1984).In India, plants showing a similar disease were proven to be attacked by Thielaviopsis paradoxa (De Seynes) Höhn. (anamorphic Ceratocystidaceae). The studies in India showed that inoculation of healthy coconut plants with isolates obtained from diseased plants resulted in rusty brown discoloration of the bark within 2-8 weeks, followed by the oozing of a brownish liquid from stems. Re-isolation of T. paradoxa was made from such diseased tissues (Nambiar et al., 1986). Stem bleeding of coconut is known to occur in nearly all the countries which grow coconut (Ohler, 1964). The disease was first reported from Sri Lanka (Pe...

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Outbreak of stem bleeding in coconuts caused by Thielaviopsis paradoxa in Sergipe, Brazil

Warwick

Passos

2009

Trop. plant pathol.

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“…Essa constatação permite concluir que, à medida que se afasta da planta doente, a possibilidade de se encontrar nematóides na raiz diminui, de forma que as chances de transmissão da doença através desse meio são muito pequenas. Por outro lado, Warwick & Bezerra (1992) concluíram que o nematóide pode ser transmitido de uma planta contaminada para uma sadia através do contato das raízes.…”

Section: Resultsunclassified

“…Os frutos, ou as mudas deles provenientes, caso tenham sido colhidos de pés afetados, podem também disseminar o nematóide (Griffith & Koshy, 1990;Giblin-Davis, 2001). No entanto, palmeiras muito jovens, com idade inferior a dois anos, não desenvolvem a doença, mesmo quando inoculadas ainda no viveiro em mudas (Warwick & Bezerra, 1992;Giblin-Davis, 2001). Franco (1964) relatou que a contaminação também pode ocorrer por meio das ferramentas de corte, como o facão no ato da colheita, ou pelo corte de raízes durante as operações de preparo do solo.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Disposição do nematóide Bursaphelenchus cocophilus (Cobb) baujard, em coqueiros portadores da doença anel-vermelho

et al. 2008

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RESUMO -Este trabalho teve o objetivo de conhecer como o nematóide Bursaphelenchus cocophilus tende a se distribuir no interior das plantas de coqueiros em estágios avançados da doença anel-vermelho. Nas amostras de raízes coletadas junto à base da estipe de coqueiros doentes, o número de nematóides foi consideravelmente maior que encontrado em raízes situadas entre um e três metros de distância da estipe. Observou-se que, à medida que se afasta da estipe, a possibilidade de encontrar nematóides na raiz é mínima, de forma que as chances de transmissão da doença, de uma planta para outra, através das raízes, devem ser muito pequenas. Na região do palmito, onde o tecido é mais tenro, é possível encontrar o nematóide tanto nas áreas avermelhadas quanto nas áreas aparentemente sadias. Nos tecidos do pecíolo, foram encontrados nematóides em pequena quantidade. Portanto, práticas profiláticas, visando à desinfecção do facão utilizado na colheita e despalma, devem ser realizadas com a finalidade de eliminar a transmissão da doença. Nenhuma das amostras obtidas dos tecidos da ráquis e dos folíolos estava contaminada. A população de nematóide é mais alta nos excrementos de túneis larvais das regiões apicais do coqueiro, o que confere maior chance de serem transportados para outras plantas, aderidos ao corpo do seu principal vetor, os adultos de Rhynchophorus palmarum. Termos para indexação: Cocus nucifera, Nematoda, distribuição da população. DISPOSITION OF THE NEMATODE Bursaphelenchus cocophilus (COBB) BAUJARD, IN COCONUT PALM TREES WITH THE RED RING DISEASEABSTRACT -The aim of this work was to investigate how the nematode Bursaphelenchus cocophilus tends to distribute itself inside the coconut palm trees in advanced stages of the red ring disease. In the samples of the roots collected at the base of the stem of sick trees, the number of nematodes was considerably higher when compared to the number found in the roots situated between one and three meters away from the stem. It was observed that, as it stands back of the sick plant, the possibility to find nematodes in the root is remote, so that the chances of transmission of the disease, from one plant to another, by means of the roots are minimal. At the top part of the stem, where the tissue is softer, it is possible to find the nematode both in the discolored areas and in the adjacent tissues, apparently healthy. In the tissues of the petioles, nematodes were found in small amounts. Therefore, the practice of the scythe disinfections used in the harvesting and leaf pruning should be recommended with the purpose of decreasing the possibility of transmission of the disease. None of the obtained samples from tissues of the rachis and leaves were contaminated. The population of nematode is higher in the excrements of larval tunnels of the apical parts of the plant, which provide higher chances of being transported, from one plant to another, stuck on to the body of its main vector, the coconut palm weevil Rhynchophorus palmarum.

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“…Outra desvantagem está na constante exposição da doença no campo, pois pode ocorrer que um besouro se alimente da planta sem entrar em contato com o inseticida e infecte outras palmas, ou ainda, de uma forma mais remota, que outros insetos ou instrumentos cortantes, transmitam a doença (Franco 1964, Dean 1979. Outra possibilidade, seria a contaminação de uma planta doente para uma planta sadia via sistema radicular (Warwick & Bezerra 1992).…”

Section: Resultsunclassified

Captura de Rhynchophorus palmarum (L.) pelo uso de feromônio de agregação associado a árvore-armadilha e inseticida

Moura¹,

Bento

Souza³

et al. 1997

An. Soc. Entomol. Bras.

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A eficiência do feromônio de agregação do Rhynchophorus palmaram (L.), 2(E)-6-methyl-2-hepten-4-ol, associado com inseticida foi avaliada na captura de adultos desta praga em árvores de dendenzeiros Elaeis guineensis. Entalhes confeccionados em árvores de dendenzeiros atacadas pelo nematóide Rhadinaphelenchus cocophilus Cobb., agente causal da doença do anel-vermelho foram pulverizados com inseticida (Furadan 350 SC) mais 3 ml do feromônio. Outro grupo de árvores foram tratadas somente com inseticida. A captura de R. palmarum nas árvores tratadas com feromônio mais inseticida foi entre 65 e 89 % superior ao tratamento com inseticida.

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Possible Root Transmission of the Red Ring Nematode (Rhadinaphelenchus cocophilus) to Coconut Palms

Cited by 8 publications

References 0 publications

Outbreak of stem bleeding in coconuts caused by Thielaviopsis paradoxa in Sergipe, Brazil

Outbreak of stem bleeding in coconuts caused by Thielaviopsis paradoxa in Sergipe, Brazil

Disposição do nematóide Bursaphelenchus cocophilus (Cobb) baujard, em coqueiros portadores da doença anel-vermelho

Captura de Rhynchophorus palmarum (L.) pelo uso de feromônio de agregação associado a árvore-armadilha e inseticida

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