Possible Release of an ArgGlyArgProGln Pentapeptide with Innate Immunity Properties from Acidic Proline-Rich Proteins by Proteolytic Activity in Commensal
            <i>Streptococcus</i>
            and
            <i>Actinomyces</i>
            Species

Li, Tong; Bratt, Per; Jönsson, Andreas; Ryberg, Mats; Johansson, Ingegerd; Griffiths, William J.; Bergman, Tomas; Strömberg, Nicklas

doi:10.1128/iai.68.9.5425-5429.2000

Cited by 31 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Lacrimal proline rich protein (PRR4) was among the most highly expressed genes in human conducting airway submucosal glands. It was previously identified as an abundant product of lacrimal and salivary glands (11,12), and is thought to play a role in maintenance of dental health by altering oral flora (53). Given its coexpression with other innate immune effectors, we predict that it plays a similar role in the conducting airways.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Differential Gene Expression in Human Conducting Airway Surface Epithelia and Submucosal Glands

Fischer¹,

Goss²,

Scheetz³

et al. 2009

Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol

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Human conducting airways contain two anatomically distinct epithelial cell compartments: surface epithelium and submucosal glands (SMG). Surface epithelial cells interface directly with the environment and function in pathogen detection, fluid and electrolyte transport, and mucus elevation. SMG secrete antimicrobial molecules and most of the airway surface fluid. Despite the unique functional roles of surface epithelia and SMG, little is known about the differences in gene expression and cellular metabolism that orchestrate the specialized functions of these epithelial compartments. To approach this problem, we performed large-scale transcript profiling using epithelial cell samples obtained by laser capture microdissection (LCM) of human bronchus specimens. We found that SMG expressed high levels of many transcripts encoding known or putative innate immune factors, including lactoferrin, zinc a-2 glycoprotein, and proline-rich protein 4. By contrast, surface epithelial cells expressed high levels of genes involved in basic nutrient catabolism, xenobiotic clearance, and ciliated structure assembly. Selected confirmation of differentially expressed genes in surface and SMG epithelia demonstrated the predictive power of this approach in identifying genes with localized tissue expression. To characterize metabolic differences between surface epithelial cells and SMG, immunostaining for a mitochondrial marker (isocitrate dehydrogenase) was performed. Because greater staining was observed in the surface compartment, we predict that these cells use significantly more energy than SMG cells. This study illustrates the power of LCM in defining the roles of specific anatomic features in airway biology and may be useful in examining how disease states alter transcriptional programs in the conducting airways.Keywords: airway epithelia; microarray; submucosal glandThe airways maintain a dynamic interface with the environment. The continuity of the airway epithelium serves as a physical barrier to inhaled pathogens, while the secreted protein and peptide products of the tissue, in concert with ciliary function, support mucociliary clearance and host defense. The epithelium of the intrapulmonary airways contributes to pulmonary innate immunity as a first responder and as an important site of signal amplification. Through a variety of receptor systems, the surface epithelial cells sense and respond to inhaled chemical, microbial, thermal, and particulate stimuli to maintain health. Perturbation of the function of this tissue is involved in the pathogenesis of several diseases, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and cystic fibrosis (CF).The epithelial tissue of the conducting airways includes many specialized cell types and the spatial division of functions. Two anatomically distinct conducting airway compartments are the airway surface epithelium and submucosal glands (SMG). The surface epithelium of the cartilaginous conducting airways is composed of ciliated, nonciliated, goblet, and basal cell ty...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Differential Gene Expression in Human Conducting Airway Surface Epithelia and Submucosal Glands

Fischer¹,

Goss²,

Scheetz³

et al. 2009

Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol

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“…One of these, acidic PRP-1, has been studied in some detail and may serve as a nutrient source for early colonizers. S. gordonii rapidly degrades the 150-amino-acid protein into two detectable peptides, the 105-amino-acid peptide derived from the amino-terminal region and a peptide corresponding to the 40 C-terminal amino acids, which are further degraded to oligopeptides (88). The pentapeptide expected to result from the intervening region was not detected, FIG.…”

Section: Early Colonizersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Identical symbols represent components that are functionally similar but may not be structurally identical. (88). Thus, PRPs are not only receptors for binding bacteria (Fig.…”

Section: Early Colonizersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Communication among Oral Bacteria

Kolenbrander

Andersen

Blehert

et al. 2002

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

851

745

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Human oral bacteria interact with their environment by attaching to surfaces and establishing mixed-species communities. As each bacterial cell attaches, it forms a new surface to which other cells can adhere. Adherence and community development are spatiotemporal; such order requires communication. The discovery of soluble signals, such as autoinducer-2, that may be exchanged within multispecies communities to convey information between organisms has emerged as a new research direction. Direct-contact signals, such as adhesins and receptors, that elicit changes in gene expression after cell-cell contact and biofilm growth are also an active research area. Considering that the majority of oral bacteria are organized in dense three-dimensional biofilms on teeth, confocal microscopy and fluorescently labeled probes provide valuable approaches for investigating the architecture of these organized communities in situ. Oral biofilms are readily accessible to microbiologists and are excellent model systems for studies of microbial communication. One attractive model system is a saliva-coated flowcell with oral bacterial biofilms growing on saliva as the sole nutrient source; an intergeneric mutualism is discussed. Several oral bacterial species are amenable to genetic manipulation for molecular characterization of communication both among bacteria and between bacteria and the host. A successful search for genes critical for mixed-species community organization will be accomplished only when it is conducted with mixed-species communities

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“…5a). ArgGlyArgProGln, a type 1 fimbria inhibitor (27), but not lactose, a type 2 fimbria inhibitor, partially blocked the binding of strain T14V to rat and human saliva, indicating type 1 fimbria-mediated binding properties. Neither of the two inhibitors blocked the binding of strain 35452, confirming its variant type 1 fimbria binding specificity.…”

Section: Type 1 Fimbria Genes Amongmentioning

confidence: 99%

Different Type 1 Fimbrial Genes and Tropisms of Commensal and Potentially Pathogenic Actinomyces spp. with Different Salivary Acidic Proline-Rich Protein and Statherin Ligand Specificities

Khah

Slavnic

et al. 2001

Infect Immun

Self Cite

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Actinomyces spp. exhibit type 1 fimbria-mediated adhesion to salivary acidic proline-rich proteins (PRPs) and statherin ligands. Actinomyces spp. with different animal and tissue origins belong to three major adhesion types as relates to ligand specificity and type 1 fimbria genes. (i) In preferential acidic-PRP binding, strains of Actinomyces naeslundii genospecies 1 and 2 from human and monkey mouths displayed at least three ligand specificities characterized by preferential acidic-PRP binding. Slot blot DNA hybridization showed seven highly conserved type 1 fimbria genes (orf1-to -6 and fimP) in genospecies 1 and 2 strains, except that orf5 and orf3 were divergent in genospecies 1. (ii) In preferential statherin binding, oral Actinomyces viscosus strains of rat and hamster origin (and strain 19246 from a human case of actinomycosis) bound statherin preferentially. DNA hybridization and characterization of the type 1 fimbria genes from strain 19246 revealed a homologous gene cluster of four open reading frames (orfA to -C and fimP). Bioinformatics suggested sortase (orfB, orf4, and part of orf5), prepilin peptidase (orfC and orf6), fimbria subunit (fimP), and usher-and autotransporterlike (orfA and orf1 to -3) functions. Those gene regions corresponding to orf3 and orf5 were divergent, those corresponding to orf2, orf1, and fimP were moderately conserved, and those corresponding to orf4 and orf6 were highly conserved. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses using a fimP probe separated human and monkey and rat and hamster strains into phylogenetically different groups. (iii) In statherin-specific binding, strains of A. naeslundii genospecies 1 from septic and other human infections displayed a low-avidity binding to statherin. Only the orf4 and orf6 gene regions were highly conserved. Finally, rat saliva devoid of statherin bound bacterial strains avidly irrespective of ligand specificity, and specific antisera detected either type 1, type 2, or both types of fimbria on the investigated Actinomyces strains.Adhesion of commensal and pathogenic bacteria to host tissue surfaces is a crucial event in colonization and infections (13,19). Commensal bacterial species, which protect against pathogens by competing for host binding sites (47), may involve a diversity of adhesion types with multiple ecological niches (42,45).Actinomyces naeslundii and Actinomyces viscosus are dominant commensal Actinomyces spp. colonizing dental and mucosal surfaces of various animal hosts. They show extensive phenotypic and serologic variations (23). Human strains of A. naeslundii were recently grouped into genospecies 1 (A. naeslundii serotype I) and genospecies 2 (A. naeslundii serotypes II, III, and NV and A. viscosus serotype II) based on genetic relatedness (23). A. viscosus serotype I is the dominant species in the rat and hamster mouths. Actinomyces spp. have also been implicated in caries (34), periodontitis (24), and root canal infections (46), as well as in actinomycosis and septic infections (37).The animal and tiss...

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Possible Release of an ArgGlyArgProGln Pentapeptide with Innate Immunity Properties from Acidic Proline-Rich Proteins by Proteolytic Activity in Commensal Streptococcus and Actinomyces Species

Cited by 31 publications

References 23 publications

Differential Gene Expression in Human Conducting Airway Surface Epithelia and Submucosal Glands

Differential Gene Expression in Human Conducting Airway Surface Epithelia and Submucosal Glands

Communication among Oral Bacteria

Different Type 1 Fimbrial Genes and Tropisms of Commensal and Potentially Pathogenic Actinomyces spp. with Different Salivary Acidic Proline-Rich Protein and Statherin Ligand Specificities

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