Possible prevention of post‐partum depression by intake of omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and its relationship with interleukin 6

Abstract

Aim This study examined whether the intake of omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) prevented post‐partum depression and if interleukin 6 (IL‐6) was involved in this effect. We hypothesized that omega‐3 supplementation has a protective effect against post‐partum depression. Methods We measured eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), the arachidonic acid (AA)/EPA ratio, and IL‐6 in 80 singleton pregnant women during the first and second trimesters, and post‐partum. The women also completed a dietary questionnaire, and post‐partum depression was measured using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). We examined the correlations between the frequency of eating fish and EPA, the AA/EPA ratio and IL‐6 in the first and second trimesters, and post‐partum. We also investigated the correlation between the EPDS and the EPA, the AA/EPA ratio and IL‐6. Results The frequency of eating fish was significantly correlated with EPA in the second trimester and post‐partum and with the AA/EPA ratio in the second trimester. There was no correlation between IL‐6 levels and the frequency of eating fish. Post‐partum levels of EPA and the AA/EPA ratio were higher in the EPDS >7 group than in the EPDS ≤7 group. In the second trimester, a higher AA/EPA ratio was associated with EPDS >7. IL‐6 levels did not differ between the two groups. Conclusion In conclusion, a low dietary intake of omega‐3 PUFA during pregnancy was correlated with lower EPA levels, which tended to lead to post‐partum depression. The relationship between the IL‐6 level and the pathogenesis of post‐partum depression was unclear from the results of this study.

13-cis-Retinoic Acid Affects Brain Perfusion and Function: In Vivo Study

“…The linoleate, oleate, and stearate were reduced; some studies reported that this reduction is due to changes in the phospholipid formation [83]. Similarly, the arachidonate [84] and the docosahexaenoate were reduced and were reported due to depression [85]. The docosatetraenoate free fatty acids were reduced with unknown cause in comparison to the control group.…”

Inflammatory pathophysiological mechanisms implicated in postpartum depression

“…The mainstream view is that serum level of IL-6 in women with PPD is increased, compared to healthy puerperal women (Liu et al, 2016;Payne and Maguire, 2019;Achtyes et al, 2020;Nazzari et al, 2020;Sha et al, 2022;Worthen and Beurel, 2022). Other studies (Ahn and Corwin, 2015;Nagayasu et al, 2021) did not find the correlation between IL-6 levels and the scores of Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS), depressive symptoms, or stress variables. In an exploratory study among postpartum veterans (Szpunar et al, 2021), the researchers found that elevated IL-1β and tumor necrosis factorα (TNF-α) might have a positive correlation with the severity of depressive symptom.…”