Possible non-sylvatic transmission of yellow fever between non-human primates in São Paulo city, Brazil, 2017–2018

Cunha, Mariana Sequetin; Tubaki, Rosa Maria; Menezes, Regiane Maria Tironi de; Pereira, Mariza; Caleiro, Giovana Santos; Coelho, Esmenia; Saad, Leila del Castillo; Fernandes, Natália Coelho Couto de Azevedo; Guerra, Juliana Mariotti; Nogueira, Juliana Silva; Summa, Juliana Laurito; Coimbra, Amanda Aparecida Cardoso; Zwarg, Ticiana; Witkin, Steven S.; Mucci, Luís Filipe; Timenetsky, María do Carmo Sampaio Tavares; Sabino, Éster Cerdeira; Deus, Juliana Telles de

doi:10.1038/s41598-020-72794-x

Cited by 39 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…In addition, at least 1,567 YF infections were detected in monkeys during this period, of which 90.9% occurred in southeastern Brazil 8 . While there was no clear evidence of Aedes -borne urban transmission among humans 7 , 9 , the virus threatened large, immunologically naïve, urban populations in the states of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo 4 , 9 , 10 with the potential for devastating consequences.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microclimate and the vertical stratification of potential bridge vectors of mosquito‑borne viruses captured by nets and ovitraps in a central Amazonian forest bordering Manaus, Brazil

Hendy¹,

Valério

Fé

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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In the Americas, some mosquito-borne viruses such as Zika, chikungunya, and dengue circulate among humans in urban transmission cycles, while others, including yellow fever and Mayaro, circulate among monkeys in sylvatic cycles. The intersection of humans and wildlife at forest edges creates risk for zoonotic virus exchange. We built a scaffold tower at the edge of a treefall gap in rainforest bordering Manaus, Brazil, to identify vectors that may bridge transmission between humans and monkeys. We vertically sampled diurnally active, anthropophilic mosquitoes using handheld nets at 0, 5, and 9 m and container-breeding mosquitoes in ovitraps at 0, 5, 10, and 15 m. Haemagogus janthinomys and Psorophora amazonica were present in high relative abundance in nets at each height sampled, while anthropophilic species were uncommon in ovitraps. Hg. janthinomys was more abundant at elevated heights than at ground level, while Ps. amazonica abundance was not significantly stratified across heights. The presence of each species increased with increasing 7-day rainfall lagged at 1 week, and at 1 and 4 weeks prior to collection, respectively. In addition, Hg. janthinomys was most frequently collected at 29.9 °C, irrespective of height. These data provide insight into the potential role of each species as bridge vectors.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microclimate and the vertical stratification of potential bridge vectors of mosquito‑borne viruses captured by nets and ovitraps in a central Amazonian forest bordering Manaus, Brazil

Hendy¹,

Valério

Fé

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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“…Population monitoring of Hg . leucocelaenus in the nature, especially in areas with the occurrence of YFV, is performed invariably through the collection of adults using entomological nets, manual vacuums, and CDC traps [ 14 , 15 ]. However, collecting immature forms of these mosquitoes is challenging since it is not always possible to locate holes in trees in the forest.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oviposition activity of Haemagogus leucocelaenus (Diptera: Culicidae) during the rainy and dry seasons, in areas with yellow fever virus circulation in the Atlantic Forest, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

et al. 2021

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The present study aims to analyze the effectiveness of ovitraps in the capture of Hg leucocelaenus eggs and evaluate the influence of the dry and rainy seasons on their abundance and hatching rates. The eggs were collected in the Atlantic Forest of State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, an area in which the yellow fever virus is known to circulate. We distributed 15 ovitraps in three sampling points, with five ovitraps per point. We distributed 15 ovitraps in three sampling points on trees within a forested area, which were sequentially numbered, monitored, and replaced every two weeks from October 2016 to April 2018. There was a high dominance of Hg. leucocelaenus eggs (98.4%) and a variation in egg hatching rates between the wet and dry seasons. These rates were 1.5 times higher in the rainy season than in the dry season. The rainy season also showed a greater abundance of eggs and higher values of ovitrap positivity and egg density indexes in the installed ovitraps. The abundances of Hg. leucocelaenus eggs were positively correlated with mean monthly temperature and air humidity but not significantly correlated with accumulated precipitation. These results, as well as their implications for the possible use of ovitraps to monitor vector mosquitoes of yellow fever in the study region, are discussed.

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“…Currently, the expansion of cities into forest fragments for estate speculation and/or the use of these fragments for leisure activities has been observed, which increases the chances of human infections in the sylvatic cycle and raises concerns regarding the risk of re-urbanization of yellow fever, especially in large cities surrounded by or interspersed with green spots [ 2 ]. São Paulo, Goiânia, and Nova Iguaçu are examples of large Brazilian cities with recent detection of yellow fever in their nearby forest areas, which increases the need for constant surveillance [ 6 , 52 , 53 ]. From the functional diversity analyses, it was possible to describe, for the first time, the existence of four main functional groups within the mosquito communities.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecological and environmental factors affecting transmission of sylvatic yellow fever in the 2017–2019 outbreak in the Atlantic Forest, Brazil

et al. 2022

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Background Yellow fever virus (YFV) is an arbovirus that, despite the existence of a safe and effective vaccine, continues to cause outbreaks of varying dimensions in the Americas and Africa. Between 2017 and 2019, Brazil registered un unprecedented sylvatic YFV outbreak whose severity was the result of its spread into zones of the Atlantic Forest with no signals of viral circulation for nearly 80 years. Methods To investigate the influence of climatic, environmental, and ecological factors governing the dispersion and force of infection of YFV in a naïve area such as the landscape mosaic of Rio de Janeiro (RJ), we combined the analyses of a large set of data including entomological sampling performed before and during the 2017–2019 outbreak, with the geolocation of human and nonhuman primates (NHP) and mosquito infections. Results A greater abundance of Haemagogus mosquitoes combined with lower richness and diversity of mosquito fauna increased the probability of finding a YFV-infected mosquito. Furthermore, the analysis of functional traits showed that certain functional groups, composed mainly of Aedini mosquitoes which includes Aedes and Haemagogus mosquitoes, are also more representative in areas where infected mosquitoes were found. Human and NHP infections were more common in two types of landscapes: large and continuous forest, capable of harboring many YFV hosts, and patches of small forest fragments, where environmental imbalance can lead to a greater density of the primary vectors and high human exposure. In both, we show that most human infections (~ 62%) occurred within an 11-km radius of the finding of an infected NHP, which is in line with the flight range of the primary vectors. Conclusions Together, our data suggest that entomological data and landscape composition analyses may help to predict areas permissive to yellow fever outbreaks, allowing protective measures to be taken to avoid human cases. Graphical Abstract

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Possible non-sylvatic transmission of yellow fever between non-human primates in São Paulo city, Brazil, 2017–2018

Cited by 39 publications

References 35 publications

Microclimate and the vertical stratification of potential bridge vectors of mosquito‑borne viruses captured by nets and ovitraps in a central Amazonian forest bordering Manaus, Brazil

Microclimate and the vertical stratification of potential bridge vectors of mosquito‑borne viruses captured by nets and ovitraps in a central Amazonian forest bordering Manaus, Brazil

Oviposition activity of Haemagogus leucocelaenus (Diptera: Culicidae) during the rainy and dry seasons, in areas with yellow fever virus circulation in the Atlantic Forest, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Ecological and environmental factors affecting transmission of sylvatic yellow fever in the 2017–2019 outbreak in the Atlantic Forest, Brazil

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