“…L5 and LDL (−) differ from native LDL in their physicochemical and biological characteristics, including size, density, lipid and protein composition, phospholipase activity, and apo B100 conformation [ 34 , 35 ]. Elevations in L5 or LDL (−) percentages in total LDL have been observed in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia [ 36 ], type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) [ 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 ], coronary artery disease [ 41 , 42 ], uremia [ 43 ], ischemic peripheral arterial disease [ 44 ], ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) [ 45 , 46 ], or acute ischemic stroke [ 47 ]. Furthermore, increases in the L5 percentage (i.e., L5%) and L5 levels are associated with the intensity of metabolic syndrome [ 48 ] and are speculated to be involved in the pathogenesis of ASCVD in patients with severe mental illness [ 49 ].…”