Possible health effects on the human brain by various generations of mobile telecommunication: a review based estimation of 5G impact

Hinrikus, Hiie; Koppel, Tarmo; Lass, Jaanus; Orru, Hans; Roosipuu, Priit; Bachmann, Maie

doi:10.1080/09553002.2022.2026516

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 101 publications

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“…Indeed, higher penetration allows an important energy transfer that could impact the brain. The authors of some reviews have reported that the effects of electromagnetic fields depend on several factors, such as the frequency, intensity, cell type, and exposure duration [ 42 , 57 , 58 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Overall, these contradictory EEG results tackling RF generations are likely a consequence of the heterogenous protocols and study designs (the eye condition; the wake, rest, active, or sleep state; the presence or absence of cognitive tasks; age; sex, etc. ), as discussed in several reviews [ 4 , 58 , 60 ], which complicates the interpretation of the findings.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessment of Electrical Brain Activity of Healthy Volunteers Exposed to 3.5 GHz of 5G Signals within Environmental Levels: A Controlled–Randomised Study

Jamal,

Yahia-Cherif,

Hugueville

et al. 2023

IJERPH

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Following the recent deployment of fifth-generation (5G) radio frequencies, several questions about their health impacts have been raised. Due to the lack of experimental research on this subject, the current study aimed to investigate the bio-physiological effects of a generated 3.5 GHz frequency. For this purpose, the wake electroencephalograms (EEG) of 34 healthy volunteers were explored during two “real” and “sham” exposure sessions. The electromagnetic fields were antenna-emitted in an electrically shielded room and had an electrical field root-mean-square intensity of 2 V/m, corresponding to the current outdoor exposure levels. The sessions were a maximum of one week apart, and both contained an exposure period of approximately 26 min and were followed by a post-exposure period of 17 min. The power spectral densities (PSDs) of the beta, alpha, theta, and delta bands were then computed and corrected based on an EEG baseline period. This was acquired for 17 min before the subsequent phases were recorded under two separate conditions: eyes open (EO) and eyes closed (EC). A statistical analysis showed an overall non-significant change in the studied brain waves, except for a few electrodes in the alpha, theta, and delta spectra. This change was translated into an increase or decrease in the PSDs, in response to the EO and EC conditions. In conclusion, this studhy showed that 3.5 GHz exposure, within the regulatory levels and exposure parameters used in this protocol, did not affect brain activity in healthy young adults. Moreover, to our knowledge, this was the first laboratory-controlled human EEG study on 5G effects. It attempted to address society’s current concern about the impact of 5G exposure on human health at environmental levels.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Electrical Brain Activity of Healthy Volunteers Exposed to 3.5 GHz of 5G Signals within Environmental Levels: A Controlled–Randomised Study

Jamal,

Yahia-Cherif,

Hugueville

et al. 2023

IJERPH

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“…The average signal-to-noise ratio and bit rate received by the user are set as parameters to allocate resources in the proposed multi-user MIMO energy efficiency water injection algorithm. Rising health concerns [31], [32] in the literature on RF exposure due to mobile networks' operation make it imperative to consider this factor in the design of mobile networks.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation exposure assessment, analysis, computation, and minimization technique in 5G networks: A perspective on QoS trade-offs

Ajibare,

Oladejo,

Ekwe

et al. 2023

SAIEE Afr. Res. J.

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In this study, the specific absorption rate (SAR) and exposure index (EI) of access points (APs) and user equipment (UEs) in fourth-generation (4G) and fifth-generation (5G) wireless technologies are examined with regard to the effects of exposure to radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields (EMF) radiation and the implications of their reduction. We characterize the EI using a classical mathematical method while considering the power density, the SAR, the electric field strength, and the tissue's density and conductivity. As such, a novel exposure-index open-loop power control algorithm is proposed to evaluate the realistic RF-EMF radiation exposure on human users from both the downlink (DL) and uplink (UL) communication devices. To solve an EI minimization problem using the open-loop power control algorithm, we formulate it in the form of a mixedinteger nonlinear programming (MINLP) problem. As the energy capacity (i.e., power density) in wireless networks determines the radiation exposure (SAR and EI), it minimizes the EI by controlling and managing the transmitted and received powers under the restrictions of Quality of Service (QoS), interference, and power, while ensuring the users' QoS requirements are met. Our proposed scheme is numerically compared to other heuristic algorithms and exposure limits established by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) and other similar organizations. Lastly, we compare the emissions from 4G and 5G networks to the emissions from UL and DL transmissions. Our simulation findings indicate that our proposed technique is a good alternative. Our assessment, in terms of numerical results and evaluation, also verifies that the exposures are bearable, fall within the recommended limits, and are minimized without impairing the users' QoS.

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“…Due to their operating principle, in addition to their functional transmission of waves, they emit parasitic (stray) EMFs. These EMF exposures can interact with objects and living tissues in general [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interaction of electromagnetic fields with body-onboard devices

Razek

2024

Explor Digit Health Technol

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The aim of this contribution is to analyze and discuss the perturbations of body-onboard medical devices caused by electromagnetic field radiations. This involves their control via electromagnetic compatibility analysis and their protection against such perturbations. The wearable, detachable, and embedded devices are first presented and their monitoring, control, forecasting, and stimulating functions are detailed. The interaction of these devices with field exposures comprising their wireless routines is then analyzed. The perturbations control of onboard devices is investigated through the mathematical solution of governing electromagnetic field equations and their appropriate protection strategies are deliberated. The involved investigations and analyses in the contribution are supported by a literature review.

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Possible health effects on the human brain by various generations of mobile telecommunication: a review based estimation of 5G impact

Cited by 8 publications

References 101 publications

Assessment of Electrical Brain Activity of Healthy Volunteers Exposed to 3.5 GHz of 5G Signals within Environmental Levels: A Controlled–Randomised Study

Assessment of Electrical Brain Activity of Healthy Volunteers Exposed to 3.5 GHz of 5G Signals within Environmental Levels: A Controlled–Randomised Study

Radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation exposure assessment, analysis, computation, and minimization technique in 5G networks: A perspective on QoS trade-offs

Interaction of electromagnetic fields with body-onboard devices

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