Possible endocrine disrupting effects of parabens and their metabolites

Boberg, Julie; Taxvig, Camilla; Christiansen, Sofie; Hass, Ulla

doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2010.03.011

Cited by 413 publications

(188 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…It is reported that PHBA can also cause physiological estrogenic responses (Boberg et al 2010;Dobbins et al 2009;Gonzalez-Doncel et al 2014). Although it is less toxic than parabens (Ishiwatari et al 2007), the relative high level of PHBA in swimming pools cannot be neglected.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence and human exposure of parabens and their chlorinated derivatives in swimming pools

Shi

Gao

et al. 2015

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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As an emerging group of endocrine-disrupting chemicals, parabens have attracted growing attention due to their potential effects on human health. In the present study, the occurrence and distribution of eight parabens, four chlorinated parabens, and their common hydrolysis product, phydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA), were investigated in 39 swimming pools in Beijing, China. Methyl paraben and propyl paraben were the predominant compounds in swimming pools, accounting for 91.2 % of the total parabens. It is noteworthy that octyl paraben, a paraben with longer chain, was firstly detected in this study. There were several factors affecting the levels of parabens among the 39 swimming pools. The concentrations of parabens and chlorinated derivatives detected in indoor pools (144 ng L −1 ) were roughly 20-fold higher than those in outdoor pools (6.78 ng L −1 ). Hotel pools appear to present higher level of target compounds (361 ng L −1 ) than that in health club (228 ng L −1 ), municipal (130 ng L −1 ), school (75.6 ng L −1 ), and community pools (63.0 ng L −1 ). Moreover, the level of these compounds in pools during weekends (174 ng L −1 ) was much higher than that during weekdays (52.3 ng L −1 ). The dynamics of target compounds were also investigated to provide a general trend of the level of parabens in a school indoor swimming pool during a 14-week period. Human exposure assessment was conducted to estimate the potential risk of exposure to parabens and their chlorinated derivatives in swimming pools. Considering the total exposure dose of multiple parabens, human exposure to parabens from the water of swimming pools is negligible. However, the threat of these parabens to children in swimming pool should be concerned.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence and human exposure of parabens and their chlorinated derivatives in swimming pools

Shi

Gao

et al. 2015

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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“…Considering the structure of target parabens, OcP with the longest chains showed the strongest estrogenic activity and persistence in the environment [18]. It is reported that removal of the ester group from parabens does not eliminate their estrogenic activity, and their main metabolite product, PHBA, can also give estrogenic responses [19,20]. Therefore, PHBA can be still regarded as estrogenic, so its occurrence and fate should be included in future studies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence, fate and risk assessment of parabens and their chlorinated derivatives in an advanced wastewater treatment plant

Shi

Gao

et al. 2015

Journal of Hazardous Materials

134

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“…Data on exposure levels and health effects in humans are sparse, but parabens have shown to exhibit estrogenic properties in animal studies (Boberg et al 2010) and appear to accumulate in amniotic fluid (Frederiksen et al 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current exposure of 200 pregnant Danish women to phthalates, parabens and phenols

Renzy-Martin

Frederiksen

Christensen³

et al. 2014

Reproduction

109

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Many phthalates, parabens and phenols are suspected to have endocrine-disrupting properties in humans. They are found in consumer products, including food wrapping, cosmetics and building materials. The foetus is particularly vulnerable and exposure to these chemicals therefore is of concern for pregnant women. We investigated current exposure to several commonly used phthalates, parabens and phenols in healthy, pregnant Danish women. A total of 200 spot urine samples were collected between 8 and 30 weeks of gestation and analysed for metabolites of ten phenols, seven parabens and 16 phthalate by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry representing 26 non-persistent compounds. The majority of analytes were present in the urine sample collected from most women who participated. Thus, in 174 of the 200 women, metabolites of more than 13 (O50%) of 26 compounds were detected simultaneously. The number of compounds detected per woman (either as the parent compound or its metabolite(s)) ranged from 7 to 21 with a median of 16. The majority of compounds correlated positively with each other within and between chemical groups, suggesting combined exposure sources. Estimated daily intakes (DIs) of phthalates and bisphenol A (BPA) were below their individual tolerable DI (TDI) and with hazard quotients below 1. In conclusion, we found detectable levels of phthalate metabolites, parabens and phenols in almost all pregnant women, suggesting combined multiple exposures. Although the estimated DI of phthalates and BPA for an individual was below TDI, our results still raise concern, as current toxicological risk assessments in humans do not take into account simultaneous exposure. The true cumulative risk for the foetus may therefore be underestimated.

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Possible endocrine disrupting effects of parabens and their metabolites

Cited by 413 publications

References 62 publications

Occurrence and human exposure of parabens and their chlorinated derivatives in swimming pools

Occurrence and human exposure of parabens and their chlorinated derivatives in swimming pools

Occurrence, fate and risk assessment of parabens and their chlorinated derivatives in an advanced wastewater treatment plant

Current exposure of 200 pregnant Danish women to phthalates, parabens and phenols

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