Possible Cross-Reactivity of Feline and White-Tailed Deer Antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 Receptor Binding Domain

Hancock, Trevor J.; Hickman, Peyton; Kazerooni, Niloo; Kennedy, Melissa; Kania, Stephen A.; Dennis, Michelle M.; Szafranski, Nicole; Gerhold, Richard W.; Su, Chunlei; Masi, Thomas; Smith, Stephen; Sparer, Tim E.

doi:10.1128/jvi.00250-22

Cited by 14 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 73 publications

(184 reference statements)

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“…This led to consider them as a potential group of concern for the spread and maintenance of SARS-CoV-2; further studies would be needed to confirm this aspect. Noteworthy, Hancock et al (2022) found seropositivity to the RBD in prepandemic feline samples, speculating cross-reactivity with some other etiological agent. However, there is evidence that the RBD is the main immunogenic target of SARS-CoV-2 that shows very low similarity with other coronaviruses (Premkumar et al, 2020).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection and humoral responses against different variants of concern in domestic pet animals and stray cats from North‐Eastern Spain

Fernández‐Bastit

Marfil

Pradenas

et al. 2022

Transbounding Emerging Dis

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Summary Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), the causative agent of the coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic in humans, is able to infect several domestic, captive and wildlife animal species. Since reverse zoonotic transmission to pets has been demonstrated, it is crucial to determine their role in the epidemiology of the disease to prevent further spillover events and major spreads of SARS‐CoV‐2. In the present study, we determined the presence of virus and the seroprevalence to SARS‐CoV‐2, as well as the levels of neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) against several variants of concern (VOCs) in pets (cats, dogs and ferrets) and stray cats from North‐Eastern of Spain. We confirmed that cats and dogs can be infected by different VOCs of SARS‐CoV‐2 and, together with ferrets, are able to develop nAbs against the ancestral (B.1), Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.315), Delta (B.1.617.2) and Omicron (BA.1) variants, with lower titres against the latest in dogs and cats, but not in ferrets. Although the prevalence of active SARS‐CoV‐2 infection measured as direct viral RNA detection was low (0.3%), presence of nAbs in pets living in COVID‐19 positive households was relatively high (close to 25% in cats, 10% in dogs and 40% in ferrets). It is essential to continue monitoring SARS‐CoV‐2 infections in these animals due to their frequent contact with human populations, and we cannot discard the probability of a higher animal susceptibility to new potential SARS‐CoV‐2 VOCs. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Noteworthy, Hancock et al. (2022) found seropositivity to the RBD in prepandemic feline samples, speculating cross‐reactivity with some other etiological agent. However, there is evidence that the RBD is the main immunogenic target of SARS‐CoV‐2 that shows very low similarity with other coronaviruses (Premkumar et al., 2020).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection and humoral responses against different variants of concern in domestic pet animals and stray cats from North‐Eastern Spain

Fernández‐Bastit

Marfil

Pradenas

et al. 2022

Transbounding Emerging Dis

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“…Thus, the existence of a few cross reactors suggests that a readjustment of the cut-off of this assay should be considered to the detriment of DSe (RIPC cut-off = 31; DSe = 60%; DSp = 95%). Similarly, previous authors found a high rate of SARS-CoV-2 S protein seropositivity with prepandemic sera from pets ( 32 ) and highlighted the need for a better understanding of the prevalence and crossover potential of wild coronaviruses. The existence of false-positive reactors could be explained by the presence of other infectious agents, multiple coronavirus infections and the existence and circulation of a SARS-related virus containing the S or RBD-S sequence ( 32 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

A comparative study of eight serological methods shows that spike protein-based ELISAs are the most accurate tests for serodiagnosing SARS-CoV-2 infections in cats and dogs

et al. 2023

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IntroductionCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious zoonotic disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. Monitoring the infection in pets is recommended for human disease surveillance, prevention, and control since the virus can spread from people to animals during close contact. Several diagnostic tests have been adapted from humans to animals, but limited data on the validation process are available.MethodsHerein, the first comparative study of six “in house” and two commercial serological tests developed to monitor SARS-CoV-2 infection in pets was performed with a well-coded panel of sera (61 cat sera and 74 dog sera) with a conservative criterion (viral seroneutralisation and/or RT–qPCR results) as a reference. Four “in house” tests based on either the RBD fragment of the spike protein (RBD-S) or the N-terminal fragment of the nucleoprotein (N) were developed for the first time. The analytical specificity (ASp) of those tests that showed the best diagnostic performance was assessed. The validation included the analysis of a panel of sera obtained pre-pandemic from cats and dogs infected with other coronaviruses to determine the analytical Sp (17 cat sera and 41 dog sera).Results and discussionELISAS based on the S protein are recommended in serosurveillance studies for cats (RBD-S SALUVET ELISA, ELISA COVID UNIZAR and INgezim® COVID 19 S VET) and dogs (INgezim® COVID 19 S VET and RBD-S SALUVET ELISA). These tests showed higher diagnostic sensitivity (Se) and DSp in cats (>90%) than in dogs. When sera obtained prior to the pandemic and from animals infected with other coronaviruses were analyzed by RBD-S and N SALUVET ELISAs and INgezim® COVID 19 S VET, a few cross reactors or no cross reactions were detected when dog and cat sera were analyzed by tests based on the S protein, respectively. In contrast, the number of cross reactions increased when the test was based on the N protein. Thus, the use of tests based on the N protein was discarded for serodiagnosis purposes. The results obtained revealed the most accurate serological tests for each species. Further studies should attempt to improve the diagnostic performance of serological tests developed for dogs.

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“…Multiple surveillance studies have detected the presence of SARS-CoV-2 or specific antibodies in free-ranging whitetailed deer (WTD, Odocoileus virginianus) in the U.S. and Canada, being the wild mammal species with the most published cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection [14][15][16][17][18][19]. This freeranging ruminant species is the predominant cervid in the U.S. where it is abundant in rural, suburban, and urban areas, including areas densely populated by humans, where easy interactions could facilitate reciprocal pathogen transmissions [16,[20][21][22][23]. Infection spread in deer populations is quite feasible given the social behavior of these species and their high mobility.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It was found that 33.2% of samples from freeliving and captive deer in Iowa were positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR and the rate of positive sample raised to 82.5% following the peak of human cases in November 2020 and coincided with the deer hunting season [16]. Although there are no studies on virus transmission among free-ranging deer, deer-to-deer transmission by direct contact has been shown in experimentally infected adult and juvenile animals [21]. All this data strongly suggested multiple human-to-deer transmissions followed by subsequent spread within the herds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies in Free-Ranging Fallow Deer (Dama dama) and Red Deer (Cervus elaphus) in Suburban and Rural Areas in Spain

Encinas,

Escalera,

Aydillo

et al. 2023

Transboundary and Emerging Diseases

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Effective control of zoonotic infectious diseases requires identifying the animal species involved in the infectious cycle as transmitters or reservoirs where the pathogen could persist and evolve, increasing the risk of reintroduction of new variants in humans and animals. Multiple surveillance studies have detected the presence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) or specific antibodies in free-ranging white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in North America, being the wild mammal species with the most reported cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, so far, all attempts to detect the infection in European cervids have been unsuccessful. In this study, we demonstrated the presence of specific antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in European fallow deer (Dama dama) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Spain. However, all samples of European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), taxonomically related to the American white-tailed deer, were seronegative for the virus. We tested 215 serum samples from roe deer (n = 116), red deer (n = 63), and fallow deer (n = 36) collected in eight provinces of central-southern Spain between 2017 and 2022. We first screened sera by a surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT) ELISA based on the binding of the receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor and then confirmed positive samples by a conventional virus neutralization test (cVNT) against the Alpha, Delta, and Omicron variants. Four fallow deer and two red deer samples were seropositive in both neutralization assays. Four samples of fallow deer and one of red deer, collected in a suburban park near Madrid in February 2022, had antibodies against the Alpha, Delta, and Omicron variants, while a seropositive sample of red deer, collected in a rural area in February 2021, was specific for the Delta variant. All samples collected before the start of the pandemic in Spain were seronegative for sVNT, which also indicates that there are not cross-reactive antibodies potentially elicited by other viruses antigenically related to SARS-CoV-2. The results indicate probable human-to-deer transmission of SARS-CoV-2, but do not clarify whether there was subsequent spread within herds.

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Possible Cross-Reactivity of Feline and White-Tailed Deer Antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 Receptor Binding Domain

Abstract: We report cross-reactive antibodies from prepandemic cats and postpandemic South Carolina white-tailed deer that are specific for that SARS-CoV RBD. There are several potential explanations for this cross-reactivity, each with important implications to coronavirus disease surveillance.

Cited by 14 publications

References 73 publications

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection and humoral responses against different variants of concern in domestic pet animals and stray cats from North‐Eastern Spain

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection and humoral responses against different variants of concern in domestic pet animals and stray cats from North‐Eastern Spain

A comparative study of eight serological methods shows that spike protein-based ELISAs are the most accurate tests for serodiagnosing SARS-CoV-2 infections in cats and dogs

SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies in Free-Ranging Fallow Deer (Dama dama) and Red Deer (Cervus elaphus) in Suburban and Rural Areas in Spain

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